532 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, lf)13. 



Neanderthal and other crania of the man from the Moiisterian epoch, 

 by loAvness of the vault, and in every instance among the adults by a 

 pronounced, complete supraorbital arc. The last-named feature, 

 though less marked, is plainly distinguishable even in the children. 

 Its invariable presence is a definite proof of the fact, not quite Avell 

 established before, that this arc was up to a certain phase of the 

 Quaternary period a regular characteristic of the early man of a 

 large part of Europe. 



A number of interesting features are presented by the fragments 

 of the temporals. The mastoids are less developed than in man of 

 to-day, approaching correspondingly the anthropoid form. They 

 are rather slender and small, even in the adult male. The tympanic 

 ring, on the other hand, is massive; and the glenoid fossae are not 

 horizontal or nearly so, as in man of to-day, but are very perceptibly 

 slanting in such a manner that their distal end is decidedly higher 

 than the mesial. Many of these features connect the Krapina man 

 directly or indirectly with earlier primate forms, and have since be- 

 come largely reduced or eliminated in the human skull. 



The jaws (pis. 26, 27) and teeth, like other cranial parts, present 

 many marks of less advanced stage of evolution. The lower jaws in 

 particular are very interesting. The symphisis or fore part of these 

 bones, while possessing already a faint trace of the future chin emi- 

 nence, slopes invariably more or less downward and backward, thus 

 approaching the form of the mandible in apes (pis. 26, 27). The 

 bones are massive and in males very high. They are akin to the lower 

 jaws of the La Quina and La Chapelle skulls, and represent de- 

 cidedly more primitive forms than the mandibulse of any man of 

 historic times, though they are considerably nearer to the modern 

 type than the jaw of Mauer. 



Of the upper maxilla there are eight or nine imperfect speci- 

 mens, the majority from young subjects. They differ in develop- 

 ment and conformation, but primitive characteristics are numerous. 

 One of the best-preserved fragments, marked " E " or " 19 " pro- 

 ceeding probably from a male adolescent and representing the part 

 of the jaw from the right median incisor to the left second pre- 

 molar, shows considerable height of the bone, a straight and consid- 

 erably prognathic alveolar process, a very spacious high palate, pro- 

 nounced subnasal fossae, and broad nasal aperture. 



The teeth of the Krapina man offer numerous peculiarities most 

 of which point to lower stages of differentiation (pi. 28). They are 

 in general very perceptibly larger than those of the modern white 

 man; their roots, especially, are longer; and there are various de- 

 tails of form, particularly in the croAvns of the incisors and molars, 

 some of which are related to anthropoid features. Notwithstanding 

 these facts, the Krapina teeth, and particularly the canines, are on 

 the whole relatively near those of present man. 



