624 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1913. 



Cretan god. In Cyprus, again, the first Aegean colonists brought 

 with them a form of the Minoan linear script, and a civilization 

 which sufficiently proclaims their identity with the older stock. 



We must clearly recognize that down to at least the twelfth century 

 before our era the dominant factor both in mainland Greece and in 

 the Aegean world was still non-Hellenic, and must still unquestion- 

 ably be identified with one or other branch of the old Minoan race. 

 But this is far from saying that even at the time of the first appear- 

 ance of the Minoan conquerors in the Peloponnese, or, approximately 

 speaking, the sixteenth century B. C., they may not have found 

 settlers of Hellenic stock already in the land. That there Avere hostile 

 elements always at hand is clearly shown by the great pains taken by 

 the newcomers at Tiryns, Mycenae, and elsewhere to fortify their 

 citadels, a precaution which stands out in abrupt contrast to the open 

 cities and palaces of Crete. In the succeeding period, that of the later 

 Palace of Tiryns, we find on the frescoes representing the boar-hunt- 

 ing scene — dating perhaps from the thirteenth century B. C. — ^the 

 first definite evidence of the existence of men of another and presum- 

 ably subject race existing side by side with the Mycenaean. An at- 

 tendant in a menial position, apparently helping to cany a dead 

 boar, is there depicted with a yellow skin in place of the conventional 

 red, which otherwise indicates the male sex. Is it possible that the 

 paler color was here chosen to indicate a man of northern race ? 



That there was in fact in the Peloponnese a subject race of Hellenic 

 stock during the whole or a large part of the period of Mycenaean 

 domination is made highly probable by certain phenomena con- 

 nected with the most primitive of the Greek tribes, namely the 

 Arcadians, whose religion and mythology show peculiar affinities 

 with those of Minoan Crete. Shortly after the break up of the 

 Mycenaean society, during the period of invasion and confusion that 

 seems to have set in about the eleventh century B. C, men of Arca- 

 dian speech (who must then have been in possession of the Laconian 

 coast lands) appear in Cyprus in the vrake of their former masters, 

 and this Cypriote offshoot affords the best evidence of the extent to 

 which this primitive Greek population had been penetrated with 

 Minoan influences. The very remote date of this settlement is estab- 

 lished by the important negative fact that the colonists had left their 

 mainland homes before the use of the Phoenician alphabet was 

 known in Greece. Considering the very earlj^ forms of that alphabet 

 at the time when it was first taken over by the Greeks, this negative 

 phenomenon may be taken to show that the Arcadian colonization of 

 Cyprus took place before 900 B. C. The positive evidence seems 

 to indicate a still higher date. Thus the fibulae and vases of the early 

 tombs of the Kuklia Cemetery at Paphos show a distinct parallelism 



