PEOGEESS IN MAEINE CONSTEUCTION GEACIE. 689 



On the Atlantic the premier vessel was the Camjyania, then re- 

 garded as a " monster " ship. It was thought by many that the limit 

 of size had been reached and that so large a vessel could never be 

 made commercially successful. She was 600 feet in length, with a 

 beam of 65 feet and a depth of 41 feet 6 inches. Her gross tonnage 

 was 13,000, her trial speed 22 knots, and her horsepower 30,000. She 

 was, of course, fitted with twin screws, and her engines were of the 

 triple-expansion type, with five cylinders Avorking on three cranks. 



The condensers were of cast iron, and, as was usual at that time, 

 formed part of the engine framing. No an-angements were made for 

 balancing the inertia effects of the reciprocating parts. The main 

 boilers were of the double-ended cylindrical type, with a working 

 pressure of 165 pounds per square inch. They burned about 1^ pounds 

 of coal per indicated horsepower-hour and 480 tons daily. Of 

 Gampama^s displacement 484 per cent was devoted to hull, 21^ per 

 cent to machinery, 14|^ per cent to fuel, 4| per cent to passengers, 

 stores, and water, and 11 per cent to cargo. 



The Campania carried 570 first-class, 300 second-class, and 600 

 third-class passengers, and a crew of 400. Her first-class public 

 rooms were six in number ; they occupied a total area of 9,214 square 

 feet, or an average of about 16 square feet per passenger, while the 

 average stateroom area was about 17:^ square feet per person. The 

 average number of persons per room was 3.2, Second-class passen- 

 gers had each but 8 square feet of public room and 14 square feet 

 of stateroom. 



Compared with the most modern vessels of large size the Ca,iinpanm 

 was shallow, the ratio of length to structural depth being 14.45. 

 In consequence of her somewhat unfavorable proportions as a girder 

 the scantlings of her gunwale and bottom had to be very heavy in 

 order to obtain the necessary longitudinal strength, and it was some 

 years before ships were built in which the upper member of the 

 strength girder was raised to a higher deck. The Kaiser Wilhelm 

 der Grosse, built in 1897, surpassed Campania in length by 25 feet, 

 but although her sides amidships, as in most subsequent vessels, were 

 plated one deck space higher than in Campania^ the plating was com- 

 parativeh^ light, the deck to which it extended was not plated over, 

 and the top member of her strength girder remained at the upper 

 deck, the length-depth ratio being slightly in excess of that of 

 Campania. Her ocean speed was about 22f knots, with 30,000 indi- 

 cated horsepower. Her coal capacity was 4,600 tons. She had 

 accommodation for 600 first-class, 300 second-class, and 800 third- 

 class passengers. 



In 1900 came the Deutschland, 663 feet in length, similar in appear- 

 ance and structural arrangements to her immediate predecessor, her 



44863°— SM 1913 44 



