690 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1913. 



length-depth ratio being over 15, and the main girder stopping at 

 the upper deck level, 44 feet above the keel. Her horsepower was in 

 the neighborhood of 35,000 and her ocean speed Avas about 23^ knots ; 

 capacity for 4,800 tons of coal was provided. The engines were of 

 the greatest actual dimensions reached in the reciprocating type, 

 and were of the four-crank quadruple design. The Deutschland 

 accommodated 700 first-class passengers in 266 rooms, an average of 

 about 2.6 persons per room; 300 second-class, and 290 third-class 

 passengers. Luxuries were beginning to creep in, some of the state- 

 rooms having a private bathroom attached, while for the suites as 

 much as £250 was charged for a single voyage. 



In 1901 length was increased by 20 feet in the Celtic, built for the 

 White Star Line; she was 680 feet in length, with a beam of 75 feet 

 and a depth of girder of about 52 feet. In this, as in most vessels of 

 the White Star fleet, only a comparatively low speed was provided. 

 The consequent smallness of horsepower reduced both first cost and 

 fuel consumption, while the fuller form gave roomier deck spaces 

 and greater dead-weight carrying capacity. Since the total dead- 

 weight Avas augmented and the proportion given up to coal reduced 

 there was a twofold increase in the Aveight of freight-earning cargo. 

 Speed is an expensive item. On the length of 680 feet a 16-knot ves- 

 sel can carry 12,000 tons of cargo on an expenditure of 2,000 tons of 

 coal over an Atlantic voyage, while an advance in speed to 22 knots 

 would reduce cargo to 3,000 tons and involve a coal consumption of 

 3,500 tons, besides increasing first cost b}^ about 25 per cent. 



Next year came Kaiser Wilhelm II, 684 feet long and 44| feet in 

 depth to her upper deck, but with her sides plated all fore and aft 

 up to the level of a continuous promenade deck 8^ feet above the up- 

 per deck. Her depth of girder was thus 52^ feet, and her length- 

 depth ratio only 13. A better distribution of structural material was 

 realized, and excessively heavy local scantlings were avoided. Be- 

 sides having her main structural weights higher than usual, she had 

 one deck more above her main structure than any of her predecessors, 

 and these additions to the weight and height of her upper structure 

 necessitated a corresponding increase in breadth, which was made 72 

 feet, as compared with Campanici's 65 feet and DeutscMancPs 67 feet. 

 Similar increments in transverse dimensions in relation to length 

 have characterized all subsequent advances, and the number of super- 

 structures has steadily increased in order to afford deck space for 

 the greater number of public rooms and more spacious cabin accom- 

 modation by which each successive vessel was rendered more and yet 

 more attractive. Kaiser Wilhelm II had four engine rooms, in which 

 were developed about 45,000 indicated horsepower, and a speed of 

 over 23^ knots was maintained at sea. Her coal capacity was 5,000 

 tons. Accommodation was provided for 770 first-class, 350 second- 



