696 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1913. 



these again were superseded by turbine-propelled craft, which to-day 

 are practically universal in the channel services. 



Typical vessels in 1893 were the paddle steamer Calais Douvres 

 and the twin-screw Ibex. 



The Calais. Douvres was 324 feet in length, 36 feet in breadth, and 

 14 feet deep ; of 1,0G5 gross tons and 6,000 indicated horsepower, she 

 had a speed of 20.64 knots and a speed-length ratio of 1.15. 



She was unclassed, her hull weighing 805 tons and her machinery 

 650 tons — 9| indicated horsepower per ton — and she carried 103 tons 

 of coal. Her displacement was made up as follows : 



Per cent. 

 HuU 48 



Machinery 39 



Coal 6 



Passengers, stores, and water 7 



100 



Her accommodation consisted of 10 deck staterooms, furnished 

 with sofas only, and large, open saloons below deck. She carried 

 580 first-class and 300 second-class day passengers. 



The Ibex, of 1,062 gross tons, measured 265 feet by 32^ feet by 

 15^ feet, and with 4,200 indicated horsepower realized a speed of 

 19.37 knots, the speed-length ratio being 1.19. Her machinery devel- 

 oped lOi indicated horsepower per ton and her weights were thus 

 distributed : 



Per cent. 

 Hull 60 



Machinery 30 



Coal 4i 



Passengers, stores, and water 5^ 



100 



Her accommodation consisted of two private cabins and a number 

 of open saloons with sleeping accommodation on sofa berths. She 

 carried 292 first-class and 265 second-class day passengers. 



Other notable vessels of this period were : 



During the succeeding 10 j^ears many other similar vessels were 

 put into, service, their lengths ranging from about 270 up to 300 feet 

 and their speeds from 19 to 24 knots. The most remarkable of these 

 were perhaps the four screw steamers Connaught, Leinster, Munster, 



