4 THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY. 



In the Gardeners' Chronicle for September, 1848, Westwood, under 

 the caption "The orange fly," refers to Macleay's article and records 

 receiving wormy oranges from a Botolph Lane merchant, from which 

 material he drew up a description of the maggot and pupa. The 

 specimens were from St. Michael Island, and Westwood remark ; 

 that the insect is also native of "St. Jago and the Cape Verde 

 Islands" and adds that he has long possessed specimens of this fly 

 taken " on the wing in Thames Street." 



At the meeting of the Societe Entomologique de France, January- 

 26, 1859, Villeneuve exhibited an orange received by him from 

 Algeria and infested with a dipterous maggot. From this fruit the 

 adult fly was reared and was recognized by him as Ceratltis hispanira, 

 as later reported to the society at its session of March 23, 1859. 



As stated by Prof. C. Eondani (Bull. Ent. Soc. Ital., p. 29, 1870) 

 the species is rare in Spain, and he adds that it is found only in 

 southern Italy. 



In 1871, under the title "Dommages causes par la Ceratitis Ms- 

 panic a ^'''^ Laboulbene (Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 

 p. 439) describes the injuries caused by the fruit-fly to oranges in 

 Algeria and presents a detailed description of the species prepared 

 by J. Bigot. He quotes notes furnished him by Boisduval to the 

 effect that at Blidah and in all Algeria the orange crop was com- 

 pletely destroyed by the insect. 



In The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine for 1884 (p. 34) Osten- 

 Sacken lists the ^Mediterranean fruit-fly under the name of Ceratifh 

 capitata, referring to its occurrence in the Madeira Islands, and adds 

 that it attacks oranges wherever they grow. He also states that 

 C. citnperda ISIacleay and C. hispanlca de Breme are mere synonyms, 

 or species based on individual varieties. 



Roder, in the Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift for 1885 (p. 

 132), in an article " Ueber die Dipteren Gattung, Ceratitis Macleay," 

 gives the synonymy of Ceratitis capitata^ and also its distribution as 

 follows: Southern Spain, southern Italy, Algeria. Tunis, Madeira, 

 Mauritius. Indian Ocean, Kongo, Cape Coast, Delagoa Bay. 



Penzig, in the Annali de Agricultura for 1887, presents an ex- 

 tended account of the diseases and insect enemies of the orange and 

 treats at length of the dipterous pests of the fiiiit, referring to three 

 species of Ceratitis under the generic name Halterophora. The 

 species considered, namely, capitata, cattoiiri, and Mspanica, are by 

 him considered identical. Extended life-historv' notes are given and 

 the orange is stated to be the principal fruit infested, but lemons 

 and other cultivated citrus fruits are attacked, as well as peaches, 

 figs, azaroles, etc. The species is thought to be limited to the countiy 

 around the Mediterranean and its injuries in Algeria are noted. In 

 Sicily oranges were first attacked and later peaches. In Liguria it 



