6 HABITS OF THE BLACK CRAPPIE., 
Judged by its structure, the crappie is rather specialized. The 
body is strongly compressed, indicating adaptation to movement 
through the narrow spaces between aquatic plants; the large, strongly 
upturned mouth suggests habits of feeding toward the surface rather 
than toward the bottom; the gill rakers are remarkable among those 
of sunfishes for their length and fineness, hinting at proficiency in 
straining plankton from the water; the unusually large median fins 
are well adopted for sudden rushes or for sustained swimming. The 
beautifully mottled colors suggest a habitat in the changing shadows 
among water plants. 
Little has been published concerning the general habits of the 
black crappie. Forbes and Richardson (1908) believe that it shows 
a slight preference for hard bottoms when compared with its close 
relative, the white crappie, Pomowis annularis. They state that 
“its hardy endurance of both heat and cold, and also of foul water, 
is especially favorable to its transportation and acclimatization.” It 
is said by various writers to be carnivorous, subsisting largely on in- 
sects, crustaceans, and fish. Richardson (1913) has published some 
notes on its breeding habits. - 
The studies described in this paper deal mostly with crappies in 
Lake Wingra, but at intervals those from neighboring lakes were in- 
vestigated. As far as possible, observations were made each week 
from February, 1916, to January, 1917. Lake Wingra is an admi- 
rable habitat for crappies, and they are among its dominant species. 
The lake’s characteristics are as follows: Length, 1.6 miles; breadth, 
0.8 mile; shore line, 4.5 miles; area, 0.79 square mile; maximum depth, 
14 feet; mean depth, 5.5 feet. 
In the preparation of this paper Miss Henrietta Achtenberg has 
helped materially by computing all the averages. Thanks are also 
due to Chancey Juday, who read the manuscript. 
II. FOOD. 
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DETERMINATIONS. 
Forbes and Richardson (1908) state that the crappies are strictly 
carnivorous and that the dietaries of the two species in the United 
States are much alike. They believe, however, that Pomowis spa- 
roides depends more upon plankton than P. annularis. The observa- 
tions made during the present investigations agree with their state- 
ments concerning the former. The food of the 140 black crappies 
from Lake Wingra (Table 1), during the nine months when ob- 
servations were made, consisted of: 
Per cent. _ a eri Genk: 
Cladocenans = = eer eae 33. 0 |-Adult, Hemiptera == 0.5 
Chironomid larvse 14. 5 Plante. =e See eee .4 
Amphipo@s2i2 315-2 ee Se 10.9 | Caddis-fly larvze____--_--__----- .4 
Chironomid pupze_—_------------- 9.0 | Grasshoppers__-----—--------_-- .2 
| in we SE ee eees §..8.,|: Beetles. aes ee eee Ry 
Ephemerid nymphs _—_----------_~ 5.6 | Calcium-carbonate crystals ----~~ ee 
Copepuds 2) -* es eee 5:0" |" OStracOdS! see ee ee all 
Adult) chironomids— =—-==-=ss==5 3.9 | Algi 22. 522 Se eee a 
Odonate nymphs.---~=-=-4===-= 2..3-| Unidentified. insects,=———______=— sal 
@orethrawlanve:s. =e. 2208 aes 2.1 | Traces of moths, mites, snails, and 
Hemiptera, nymphs 2 = sees .6 leeches. 
Silt andi débris === => .6 = 
ee a ee 
