no STUART WELLER 



divisions, the Louisiana, Hannibal, and Chouteau, as has usually been 

 done, does not express the proper relationships of the faunas. The 

 Chouteau fauna, in some of its expressions, is without doubt as old as 

 the Louisiana fauna, and it is as impracticable to make one continu- 

 ous section to contain all of the Kinderhook formations, as it would 

 be to make a standard Devonian section to include the formations of 

 New York and Iowa. 



Early Mississippian faunas of the Appalachian Basin. — In the 

 waters between the Cincinnati arch and the old Appalachian land in 

 early Mississippian time, the faunal conditions were more like those 

 of the southern Kinderhook province than the northern. In the Bed- 

 ford shale of that basin a fauna occurs which is largely of Devonian 

 derived species, and like the southern Kinderhook faunas these species 

 have their relationships with Hamilton rather than with Upper 

 Devonian forms. The succeeding formations in Ohio constitute the 

 several members of the Waverly group with faunas showing more or 

 less close relations with those of the southern Kinderhook. In the 

 northern part of the basin, as in the Waverly beds of northwestern 

 Pennsylvania, the presence of such forms as Paraphorhynchus^ sug- 

 gest relationships with the northern Kinderhook faunas of the Missis- 

 sippi Valley, a relationship which might have been established by 

 faunal migration from the West to the East by way of the Traverse 

 Strait and Michigan. 



Post- Kinderhook faunas of the Mississippi Valley Basin. — ^With 

 the submergence of the Kankakee Peninsula and the partial or com- 

 plete submergence of the Ozark land, the source of the clastic sedi- 

 ments in the immediate Mississippi Valley region was removed, and 

 a great period of limestone formation was initiated w^hich is best exem- 

 plified in the Burlington and Keokuk formations. The fauna of this 

 clear sea was in large part an outgrowth of the later Kinderhook 

 faunas, and is best characterized by the wonderfully rich crinoidal 

 element. 



The fauna of the formations which together constitute the Osage 

 division of the Mississippian is in some respects unique. The great 

 crinoidal element is in large part or wholly indigenous to this province, 



I Rhynchonella medialis and R. striata Simpson (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, XV, 144), 

 rom Warren County, Pa., are members of this genus. 



