THE WHALEBONE WHALES OF THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC. 251 
It will be observed from these tables that the number of dorsals in both Eu- 
ropean and American specimens is uniformly 14, the only exception being in the 
San Sebastian (Spain) skeleton. In this case, however, Gasco thinks there may 
have been 14 pairs of ribs. 
The number of lumbars is fixed by the position of the first chevron. As the 
series of chevrons is commonly incomplete in museum specimens, and, furthermore, 
as the transition from the quite sharp inferior carina of the lumbar vertebre to the 
paired inferior ridges of the caudals is not always abrupt, it is extremely difficult in 
many cases to determine correctly the number of lumbars. The widening of the 
posterior end of the inferior carina may be more or less distinctly marked on the 
32d vertebra, in which case there might be considered to be 10 lumbars. On 
the other hand, this thickening of the carina may not be pronounced until the 34th 
vertebra is reached, in which case, 12 lumbars might be counted. 
My own observations on American specimens lead me to believe that 11 lum- 
bars may be regarded as the normal number, varying from 10 to 12. Guldberg and 
Gasco, however, regard 12 lumbars as the normal number for European specimens. 
The Guetaria (Spain) skeleton of 1878 appears from Graells’s figure (52, pl. 3) 
to have but 8 lumbar vertebrze and about 26 caudals. I am unable to account for 
this discrepancy and Prof. Rios y Rial’s description (52, 65-67) is unintelligible to 
me on account of the manner in which he divides the vertebral column. 
It would be possible to reduce the number of lumbar vertebre to 8 in the 
Long Island (N. Y.) skeleton in the National Museum, No. 23077, if the first caudal 
were regarded as that in which a thickening of the posterior end of the inferior 
median carina first occurs. It is obvious that the question of the real number of 
lumbars in the species cannot be authoritatively settled until the chevron bones 
are examined 7m sifu in a number of adult and feetal specimens. Gervais’s views 
regarding the number of lumbars in the Sulphurbottom whale are of interest in 
this connection. (See p. 182.) 
SKULL. 
The best figures of the skull of the European Nordeaper are those of Gasco 
(47, pls. 2-4) and Graells (52, pls. 3-4). While these agree in most particulars, 
they show a considerable divergence at certain points. The most striking differ- 
ence 1s in the direction of the orbital processes of the frontal. In Gasco’s figure 
these processes he entirely behind the line of the antero-superior end of the occip- 
ital, and are directed backward, while in Graells’s figure the greater part of the 
frontal processes lies in front of the line of the occipital, and the processes are 
directed forward. This relation of the bones is shown especially in 52, pl. 4, fig. 2, 
but also in pl. 4, fig. 1, and in pl. 3, fig. 2. In the latter, which is a figure of the 
entire. skeleton, the skull appears to be a reduced copy of pl. 4, fig. 2. In pl. 3, 
fig. 1, which is a view of the entire skeleton from the side, the orbital process of 
the frontal is represented more as if directed backward rather than forward, thus 
