1967a) and Homo habilis (Leakey, Tobias, and Napier 1964) from Olduvai 

 (Figure 3). 



Both a natural and an artificial endocast take faithful impressions of all 

 markings on the interior of the braincase. For example, the meningeal 

 arteries and the cranial venous sinuses leave clear imprints on the inside of 

 the vault-bones of the cranium (Figure 4). So do the major subdivisions of 

 the brain, such as the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and to a certain extent the 

 brainstem (Figure 5). 



Finer subdivisions of the brain may leave their mark as well; for 

 example, the convolutions of the cerebral cortex and the sulci separating 

 them are responsible for the well-known impressiones gyrorum on the inner 

 surface of the vault-bones. All these features are, in turn, reflected sensitively 

 on an endocast, whether natural or artificial. Sometimes the filling material 

 in a natural endocast extends into one or more of the foramina in the base 



_i_ 



CMS 



Figure 4: The parietal bone of Ternifine, Morocco (right) with a plaster 

 impression of its endocranial surface (left). Note the clearly marked 

 impressions left by the branches of the middle meningeal artery. The 

 group of Middle Pleistocene hominid remains from Ternifine has been 

 classified as Homo erectus. 



5 & 



