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CMS 



Figure 30: Cranium of Olduvai hominid 9, which is the best African repre- 

 sentative so far found of Homo erectus. Its capacity has been determined 

 by A. R. Hughes and me as 1000 c.c. 



of 13 capacities is 935 c.c. (Table 13). If an estimate is made of the stand- 

 ard deviation on the basis of this range, it amounts to 142 c.c. On the 

 assumption that the available sample lies in the middle reaches of the 

 distribution for the total population, 3 standard deviations below and 

 above the sample mean give an estimated population range of 509 c.c. to 

 1361 c.c* This immense span covers the upper part of the australopithe- 

 cine sample range, the entire H. habilis sample range, and the lower 

 part of the H. sapiens range. With a difference of 852 c.c. between the 

 lower and upper limits of the estimated population range, we see an 

 extreme range almost as great as that which characterizes modern man, 

 commonly cited as 1000 to 2000 c.c. 



* With the inclusion of H. erectus VIII from Indonesia, the mean for a total sample of 14 crania 

 becomes 911 c.c. and the estimated standard deviation 137 c.c. On this basis, the estimated popu- 

 lation range would be 530 to 1352 c.c. 



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