of tool making. Since that time more and more information has accumulated 

 on Primate implemental activities. Proportionately, the resistance to at- 

 tributing tool-using and tool-making activities to Australopithecus has 

 waned. A brief review of the evidence from nonhuman Primates would 

 therefore not be out of place. 



The capacity for tool-using is widespread, not only in the great apes 

 but also in lower Primates. Numerous reports tell of the use of objects as 

 fighting tools as well as for nonagonistic purposes. These reports relate to 

 behavior both in captivity and in the wild. For example, Bolwig (1961) re- 

 ported on the tool-using activities of a captive olive baboon from the Sudan: 

 these included purposeful throwing of sticks, the raking in of food beyond 

 arm's reach, and the breaking; of sticks to make a "ladder" with which to 

 reach tidbits hanging overhead. 



The remarkable feats of that clever little New World monkey, the 

 capuchin, have been known at least since 1882, when G. J. Romanes re- 

 ported the use by a brown capuchin monkey of the flat bottom of a dish to 

 crack walnuts (cited by Weiner 196;). Kliiver (1937) likewise reported on 

 the capuchin's versatility and quickness in the use of a variety of differently 

 shaped sticks, as w : ell as of wire, rope, cardboard boxes, and other objects 

 for obtaining food out of reach. Osman Hill (i960) has summarized the 

 available evidence in the volume of his Primates series that deals with the 

 Cebidae. A male capuchin in the London Zoo used a large marrow bone to 

 crack open Brazil nuts and almonds when it was no longer able to do so 

 with its teeth— which it had used when young (Vevers and Weiner 1963). 

 We were able to confirm such behavior by a capuchin monkey in the Johan- 

 nesburg Zoo: in the company of Dr. M. Lyall-Watson, then zoologist to the 

 Zoo, and staff members and science students of the Anatomy Department, 

 I observed 2 capuchins trying to open walnuts with their teeth: the first 

 succeeded but the other failed. The second animal then laid the walnut on 

 the floor of the cage, picked up a stone, and cracked the walnut open after 

 a few well-aimed blows (Tobias 1963d). 



Kortlandt and Kooij (1963) have reviewed what they describe as "Proto- 

 hominid Behaviour in Primates." Analyzing a number of reports on ago- 

 nistic throwing, scooping, clubbing, and stabbing by New and Old World 

 monkeys and gibbons, they find these activities best developed in ground- 

 living genera, such as baboons, and types that live predominantly in more 

 open and diversified habitats, including rocky landscapes. Such behavior is 

 less characteristic of more arboreal genera that live mainly in closed canopy 



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