feedback relationship between culture and its genetic bases, between physical 

 and cultural evolution (Dobzhansky 1962, 1963; Bielicki 1964, 1965). "Did 

 the genetic basis of culture appear before culture?" is a question we often 

 hear asked (Tobias tgGr^d, p. 183). But Dobzhansky pointed out that this is 

 a wrong way to ask the question; culture and its genetic basis developed, and 

 are developing, together. Bielicki, following Washburn (19G0), says: 



It seems, for instance, that feedback between bipedalism and tool-using . . . was 

 at work only in Pliocene protohominid apes, and faded out at the beginning of 

 the Pleistocene, since in the Australopithecinae the process of acquiring bipedal 

 gait had already been completed and further evolution of culture did not demand 

 any further change in the mode of locomotion. [Bielicki 1964, p. 1] 



On the other hand, the earlier sections of this volume have made clear 

 that the brain-culture relationship was not confined to one special moment 

 in time. Long-continuing increase in size and complexity of the brain was 

 paralleled for probably a couple of millions of years by long-continuing 

 elaboration and "complexification" (to use de Chardin's word) of the cul- 

 ture. The feedback relationship betwen the 2 sets of events is as indubitable 

 as it was prolonged in time (Tobias 1969b). 



Most recently, Bielicki (1969) has attempted a profound analysis of the 

 causal interrelationships between the emergence and evolution of some of 

 the anatomical, physiological and ecological peculiarities of hominids, and 

 the origin and evolution of cultural behavior. To do this, he relies heavily 

 on Maruyama's theory of deviation-amplifying cybernetic systems (1963). 

 Bielicki lists the following traits, the evolution of which he regards as the 

 essence of hominization: 



Noncultural components Cultural components 



1. erect bipedal locomotion 6. implemental behavior (tool-using 



2. various measures of brain size and tool-making) 



and complexity 7. symbolic communication 



3. noncyclic sexual receptivity of 8. certain characteristics of social 

 the female organization in which preagri- 



4. retardation of ontogenetic de- cultural humans most markedly 

 velopment diverged from subhuman catar- 



5. predatory behavior (hunting) rhines. 



Bielicki develops the idea that, in the course of human evolution, there 

 existed 2-directional causal links (feedbacks) between the noncultural and 



