10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
occur in small numbers in the Togiak, Kuskokwim, and Yukon 
Rivers, which debouch into Bering Sea, and possibly occurs in the 
Arctic streams of Alaska. The run in western Alaska begins usually 
early in June and extends usually to the middle of August, the bulk 
of the run occurring in the first three weeks of July. It begins earlier 
in Prince William Sound, however, and sometimes extends into Sep- 
tember in southeast Alaska. The duration of the run averages about 
the same in each section. 
SILVER OR COHO SALMON. 
The silver or coho salmon (O. kisutch) is silvery in spring, greenish 
on the upper parts, where there are a few faint black spots. In the 
fall the males are mostly of a dirty red. The flesh in this species is 
of excellent flavor, but paler in color than the red salmon, and hence 
less valued for canning purposes. The maximum weight is about 30 
pounds, with a general average of about 6 pounds. . 
The silver salmon is found as far south as Monterey Bay, where 
it appears during the month of July, and is taken by the trollers. 
From Eel River, in California, north, it is found in most of the 
coastal streams. It usually appears in July, and runs as late as 
November, the time of appearance and disappearance varying some- 
what in different sections. Owing to its late appearance compara- 
tively few, and they usually in the early part of the season, are packed 
by the canneries, most of which shut down in August and September. 
This fish also tarries but a short time about the mouth of the stream 
it is to enter, and is wary of nets, which makes it rather unprofitable 
to fish for the latter part of the season when it is running alone. 
HUMPBACK OR PINK SALMON. 
The humpback or pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), the smallest of 
American species, weighs from 3 to 11 pounds, the average being 
about 4 pounds. — Its color is bluish above, silvery below, the posterior 
and upper parts with many round black spots, the caudal fin always 
having a few large black spots oblong in shape. The males in fall 
are dirty red and are very much distorted in shape, a decided hump 
appearing on the back, from which deformity the species acquires 
its name. ‘The flesh is pale, hence its canned name, ‘‘pink”’ salmon. 
The southern limit of the fish is the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz 
County, but only occasional specimens are found here and in the 
rivers to the northward until Puget Sound is reached. Here a large 
run appears every other year, the only place on the coast where such 
is the case. 
The humpback occurs in varying abundance in the waters of 
British Columbia, but it is in the waters of southeast Alaska that it 
appears in its greatest abundance. Many of the canneries in this 
region and some of those operating in central Alaska depend mainly 
upon the humpback for their season’s pack, and the canned product 
now occupies an excellent position in the markets of the world. 
The fish spawn in nearly all of the small, short streams. 
In western Alaska the runs are much smaller and the humpback 
is not much sought after by the cannery men, who are usually able 
to fill their cans with the more valuable species. 
