PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. oy 
men and horses take refuge at high tide, when the bars are covered 
with water. Operations bogin as soon as the beach or bar uncovers, 
so that the men can wade about. The net is placed in a large seine 
boat, with the shore end attached to a dory. At the signal the seine 
boat is headed offshore, while the dory heads toward the bar. As the 
seine boat circles around against the current the net is paid out in 
the shape of a semicircle. ‘The dory men hurry to the bar with the 
shore end of the net, the idea being to get that in as soon as possible 
in order to prevent the escape of the salmon in that direction. As 
soon as this has been accomplished, the outer shore line is brought to 
the bar, when several horses are hitched to the line and begin to haul 
in the net, care being taken by the men to work it against the current 
as much as practicable, and to get it in as speedily as they can in 
order to prevent the escape of salmon either by jumping over the 
cork line or finding some outlet below the footrope or lead line. 
The only other place on the coast where haul seines are important 
is at Karluk, on Kodiak Island, in Alaska. Here the seines are 
hauled upon the narrow gravel spit ace the lagoon from the strait, 
and practically the same method is followed as in the Columbia 
River. 
DIVER NETS. 
These are in use in the Columbia River, mainly throughout the 
middle and upper portions of the river. They vary from 100 to 200 
fathoms in length and are used almost exclusively for chinook salmon. 
In construction they somewhat resemble a trammel net. Two nets are 
attached together side by side. ‘The outer one, or the one toward the 
oncoming fish, has a larger mesh than the other, so that if the fish 
manages to pass through the first, it will be caught in the smaller 
meshes of the second. 
DIP NETS. 
These consist of an iron hoop secured to the end of a stout pole 
with a bag-shaped net fastened to the hoop. They are generally used 
at the cascades on the rivers, small platforms being erected upon 
which the operator stands while fishing. Indians formerly used them 
to a large extent, but, owing to the steady decline in the number of 
Indians, and the appropriation of favorable spots by the whites for 
other forms of apparatus, they are but little used now. 
SQUAW NETS. 
This type is virtually a set net. It consists of an oblong sheet of 
gill netting, about 12 feet long and 8 feet deep, its lower edge weighted 
to keep 1t down, and its upper edge attached to a pole that floats at 
the surface, and is held by a line or lines to another projecting pole 
which is securely fastened to the shore, so that it will not swing around 
with the strain of the swift current on the net. A single block is 
attached to the pole, and through this passes a rope, thus making a 
tackle for the more convenient manipulation of the net. The dip-net 
fishermen of the Columbia River use this net, which derives its name 
from the fact that it used to be commonly operated by Indian squaws 
for taking salmon. But few are now in use, for the same reasons as 
given for the decline in the use of dip nets. 
