186 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
is not much difficulty in this respect, especially since our only compet- 
itors are Canada, Siberia, and Japan. The two last named have not 
yet become important factors in the canned-salmon market, though 
they will as their fishing operations are extended. There is more 
competition in the pickled, fresh, and frozen markets, several Euro- 
pean and Asiatic countries being large producers of these goods, as 
is Canada also, for a considerable proportion of which she is com- 
elled to find an outside market. 
The World War greatly disturbed the usual course of our foreign 
trade. Because of the need for foodstuffs a tremendous demand 
arose in Europe for our salmon, resulting in a decided increase in 
the quantities shipped there and, for a while, in a reduction of our 
exports in other directions. In time, however, the markets adjusted 
themselves to the changed conditions of trade. 
EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC CANNED SALMON. 
From the beginning of the industry a considerable proportion of the 
salmon canned has been exported, especially of the higher grades. 
In Europe the chief customer is Great Britain, followed closely in the 
closing years of the war by Italy. Great Britain does not, how- 
ever, consume this quantity, for a considerable part of her importa- 
tions are reexported. On the North American Continent and adja- 
cent islands the best customers are Mexico, Cuba, Panama, and the 
British West Indies, in the order named. The heavy shipments to 
Canada since 1916 are mainly in transit shipments to Kurope by 
Canadian steamship lines as our lines were overburdened with war 
shipments. In South America, Chile, Peru, Argentina, and Ecuador 
were the leading markets in 1918. In Asia, Hongkong and China 
import canned salmon, although neither buys great quantities. The 
islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans are large consumers. British 
Australasia took 7,811,387 pounds, valued at $1,407,561 in 1918, and 
other good customers were the British East Indies and British, 
French, and German Oceania. In Africa the British and Portuguese 
possessions are the largest importers. 
The movements of these products are naturally often influenced 
favorably or adversely as the tariffs of the various countries in which 
they are marketed are raised or lowered. 
Some countries maintain excessively high tariffs, among these being 
Brazil, 30 cents per pound; Colombia, 83} cents; Mexico, 4 cents; 
Guatemala, 64 cents; Paraguay, 7 cents; Uruguay, 6 cents; Austria- 
Hungary, 8 cents, and Germany, 7 cents. Norway levies 6 cents a 
pound duty, but this is undoubtedly to protect her own salmon 
industry. 
In but few of the tariff acts is canned salmon distinguished by name, 
being usually classed as “preserved fish,’’ and as these are usually 
luxuries in many countries they bear an extra high duty as a result. 
In addition to these high duties in some countries, especially in 
South America, there are various other charges, fees, ete., which 
materially enhance the value of the goods before they reach the 
consumer. C. H. Clarke, of the salmon brokerage firm of Kelley- 
Clarke Co., of Seattle, Wash., prepared and published a statement @ 
a Pacific Fisherman, Vol. 13, No. 5, p. 11, 1915. 
