^"li'j^'] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 121 



KotwitLstauding the lieterogeueity of these groups, Lixiiiouroux's 

 classificatioii paves the way for the more accinate systems that fol- 

 low. Noti<M*able, especially is that of d«^ Hlaiiivilhi (1834), who asso- 

 ciates together in Class III Zoaiithaires ol his Type Actinozoaires the 

 Aetiniaus, Zoaiithans and Madre])ores, thus <-utting loose from the 

 coiisisteney systems of his pr<'d«'cessors. The remaiiiiii<; Anthozoa, 

 together with the Hydroids, Millepores, and Bryozoa, he refers to the 

 fourth class, I'olypiaires. 



Before de J>Iaiiiville, however, Rapp ('29) had jMibiished a classifica- 

 tion of the Polyps which, though not accei>ted by his successors, stands 

 out, in the light of our present knowledge, as an evidence of the value 

 of anatomical distinctions as a basis for <'lassiti(;ation. In his i)reface 

 Itapp says: '^liei dem Studien der mit einc^n (ieriiste oder Polypen- 

 stock versehen<'U Polyi)en war dieser Theil, indem man das Thier selbst 

 vernachliissigte, bisher hauptsachli(;her (legenstancl der Aufmerksam- 

 keit. * * * Zwar feidt es iiber diese Thiere nicht an trefHichen 

 Beobachtungen, welche man hau[)tsJichli<di der neuesten Zeit verdankt, 

 aber sie stehen bis jetzt meist noch zu isolirt, als dass sie auf die ganze 

 Ciestalt desjenigen Theils der Wissenschaft, welcher mit diesen Ge- 

 schoi)fen sich beschiiftigt, einen durchgreifendeu Eiutiuss gehabt hiil- 

 ten." To bring these isolated auatonncal facts together, and to add 

 to them was the task Paj*]) set himself, and as the result of his studies 

 two important fa(;ts were brought to light. In the first place he recog- 

 nized the near relationshi]) of the Madrei)ores and the Actinians, and 

 secondly he discovered the Actinian nature of the form ])ieviously 

 described by him as TuhiiJaria tiolifaria, now known by the generic; 

 name of Cerimithus proposed by Delia Chiajein 18;]2. 



Papp assumed as the basis of his classification the mode of forma- 

 tion of the reproductive organs. He found that some polyps ])roduced 

 ova on the outer surface of the body, while in others the ''Keimkorner" 

 had their origin in the interior; the former constitute his Exoarier, 

 while the latter are i-eferred to the division EndoarUr. To the former 

 division he assigned the Hydras, Corynes (including Sertidaria and 

 Tuhularia) and iVrillepores( !), while to the latter were referred the 

 Alcj'onids, Tubipores, Corals (a grou]) which included Corallinm, Gor- 

 gonia, Isis, and Antipathes{1)*), Penuatulids, Zoanthids, ]\radre])ores, 

 and Actinians. Bearing in mind the fact already stated that Papp 

 associated the forms now known as Cerianthus with the Actinians, it 

 may be seen that his division Eudoarier is equivalent to the modern 

 group Anthozoa, while his Exoarier corresponds essentially with the 

 Hydrozoa, thougli he does not include within it the Hydromedusw, 

 whose relationshii)s to the Hydroids had not been discovered. 



It is interesting to note tliat in this classification Papp forestalled the 

 Hertwigs ('79), whose proposed division of the Ccelenterates into 



The mark of iiitevrogation is Rapp's. 



