vor. 

 1 



8I».!. J 



PROCEEDINGS OF TIfE NATIONAL MIJSKUM. 



2S9 



shehnrim, (;ori«iHtiiig' in tli<' teqid, given tlirwj times, and trru'a^ u liidi 

 is simply a prolougaf ion of the teqia. Terua yedola, or tlie great tenia, 

 is merely an exaggeiation of tlie sim|)le sound of tliatnamc. The Ger- 

 man Jews sound the leqid {/cdola or gn-at teqia. (Hipkins, p, xiii.) 



Tin; sound is piodueed by the ejeetion of a vohime of air into the 

 trumi)ct through the lips, which act as a reed, ])ressed against the oii 

 lice of tiie trumpet. 



Accoiding to Jlipkins the eml)Ouchuie of the shofar is very difticult, 

 and ])ut tlirfje |)roi)er tones are usually obtained from it, although in 

 some instanc(!8 higlier notes can be got. The short rythmic; tlourishes 

 are <-ommon, with unimportant differences, to both the German and 

 rortugues(; Jews, and conse«iuently date from before their separation. 

 Tiiese Nourishes, as used in the litual, avoAcqia OG Hhehnrimi) | GO | 

 (iC I Gund iernaiTMO \ (!(JCO | GCCC | G usually a tongued rihrato 

 of the lower note. The gcdoUi is the great teqi a concluding t he tlourishes 

 ([). xiii). "The notes here given are those usually produced, but from the 

 emi)iricai foirnation of the <'iiiboucliiiie, and a y)e(;iiliaiity of the player's 

 lil)s, an octave is occasionally [)roduc<!d instead of the normal fifth." My 

 own observation has led me to the conclusion tiiat the production of 

 the octave is (piite common. The fundamental, if obtained, is not re- 

 g;n-ded as a true shofar note. 



Wetzstein gives the following musical notation. 



'Vi:i\\'n. 



'l'<-i|i'a j;e<lola. 



^m p^p 





According to Mifshna Rosh Imshona (iv, 0) tluj order of soun<ling the 

 shofar is as follows: thiee sounds are blown thrice, tlu; timeof thedura- 

 1 ion of six teqi an is equal to that of three teruaSj and 1 hat of ea<;h teqia 

 is e<[ual to three sighs or moans. 



From this it would appear that the interrupted soujid or skebarini 

 was not knowji when this Mishna was written. This conclusion, how- 

 ever, can not be drawn with certainty. 



Tin: SIIOI-'AIl IN JHE EITIRGY. 



Portions of flu^ liturgy for New Year's Day have especial reference 

 to the sounding of the shofar. First among these is the hymn, Adonai 

 heqol fikofar, by an unknown author: "With the sound of the trumpet 

 will the Lord publish salvation, to assemble tlui scattered sheep at the 

 coming (accomplishmcnt)of the vision of salvation. God is exalted with 

 a trium])hal sliout." 



"With the sound of tlu' trumi)et God causes a voice to be heard 

 from heaven, on the holy mountain, and on Jerusalem; then shall the 

 ])lace be established, by Thy right hand shall be restored to its primi- 

 tive state. God is exalted with a triumphal shout." 

 Proc. :N^. M. 93 10 



