294 THE SHOFAR ADLER. 



to assemble "those who are lost in the land of Asshur and those who 

 are outcasts in the land of Egypt." (xxvii, 13.) 



When David removed the ark to Jerusalem the sound of the shofar 

 was heard in the procession. (II Samuel, vi, 1."); I Chron., xv, 28.) 



It is nuMitioned alony" with other musical insliumcnts as a projjcr 

 acconii>animent of psalmody. " l*raisc Him with the blowing of the sho- 

 far, praise Ilim with the psaltry and the harp." (Ps., cl, 3; cf. also 

 XOA HI, 0.) 



Some years ai;o I was informed it had been introduced into opera by 

 an Italian comi)oser, with what success 1 do not know. 



WAR HORN. 



The most ancient use of signals of any sort was no doubt to apprise 

 a tribe of the coming of an enemy and to call together the clansmen for 

 defense. Possibly the earliest, certainly the most fre(|uent use of the 

 shofar in Israel, was for military i)urposes. 



The ancient Egyptians used a trumpet for military purjkoses, but it 

 was a long, straight metallic instrument like the Hebrew lia^'o^xra. 

 (Wilkinson, i, ]()4f.) 



The trooi)s seemed to have marched to its notes, {Ibid., woodcut 

 28i>, and Kawlinson, History of Ancient Egypt, A'ol. i, p. 491.) 



The shofar could be heard at a great distance. There is an allusion to 

 its loiulness in Isaiah (Lvm, 1): "Cry with a full throat, si)are not, 

 like the shofar lift up thy voice, and declare unto my people their 

 transgression, and to the house of Jacob their sins." 



It played an inii)ortant ])art in the imposing <lemonstration made 

 before the walls of Jericho. (Joshua, Vi, 4, 5, 6, S, 0, 13, 10, 20.) 



When Gideon was filled with the spirit of the Lord he assembled 

 the outlaws who com])osed his army by blowing the shofar (Judges 

 VI, 34). Each man carried one of the instruments and the noise thereof 

 very materially contributed to the surprise oX the Midianite army. 

 (Judges, ViT, 8, 10, IS, 10, 20, 22.) 



In the actual narrative itself, the shofar is not as frequently men- 

 tioned as the constancy of its use for certain ])nrposes might lead us 

 to expect. The infre(iuencv of its uiention is in a way, however, a sort 

 of evidence of the freciuency of its use. The blowing of the bugle is 

 as regular a part of a charge as the horses on which the cavalry is 

 mounted. Its i)icturesqueness would naturally strike the mind of a 

 poet and so the references to the shofar in the i)rophetical hooks are 

 numerous. 



In the following nineteen passages from the prophets, the shofar 

 symbolizes war: 



"Tell ye in Judah, and publish in Jerusalem, and say, Blow ye the 

 shofar in the laud: call out, gather together, and say, Assemble your- 

 selves, and let us go into the fortified cities." (Jeremiah, iv, 5.) 



"My bowels, my bowels! 1 am shaken, at the very chambers of my 



