208 TIIK SHOFAK ADLER. 



hiliii^U;il iiu':ml;ilioii {\ IJ;t\vliMS(»ii, r)(), 17- !'.>/>) dcscribiiii;' llic iiclloii of 

 IIm' (lisciisc ciilhMl <(s((hhif. Tlic |t:iss;i^(' icjwls: turdlui iiui <i<t<i<i(uliku u 

 <j<(niisK iixdhil, (iliula sap/KO- .sad! sd/^ixtiiasKUK i(,r<(hit, "(lie iiioiintain 

 ^Oiil !)>■ its Iir;i(l :iii(l lionis il sci/cs, Hm' lie !4<t:il, llu' sappiir ol" iho 

 moil II lain, by ilssappaiiii il sci/.cs." 1 Icii-, s((iti>((ih( iiiKlouldcdly means 

 " Immmi," iM'iiii;' llic Icininiiii'! fonn used in Scmilic l(» (UmioIc lilclcss ohjccis 

 ((i('srniiis,(Jrainmar, par. H>7, .">, a); llic concliision would, lluu'olbre, bo 

 Dial I 111' sliolar is so caiU'd because il was (iii<iinally made ol' llie liorn 

 of llu' species of ^'oal called sapimr.* The. Hebrew sliolar corresponds 

 to Assyrian .s7f/>/^^n7/<, il beiiii; woilliy of iiolice llial sliolar, all liouji'li 

 iiol possessiuii' Mie leminine lerniination in llie siiii^ular, always makes 

 a feminine plural. 



In tlu' discussion on t lie Wot/stein ])aper IVlr. llartmanu su<if>estiHl 

 tlial the peculiar sliajx^ of the horn niveii to it artificially Mas intomUHl 

 to imitate the sliape of the horn of some wild animal, jiossibly the wild 

 M\v\^> {Oris vi/prias); not that 1 apprehend that the su<i'y«'stion isexaetly 

 correct, since, as will be seen, the sliapi' is not uniform. The su,ii}»'cstion, 

 however, that the liorn was not that of a domesticated animal, but of an 

 animal uioredinicull to •i'et, sihmus to have a c«'rtain inhei-ent probability. 



Wetzstein is of the opinion that the use of the raiiTs horn may have 

 been borrowed by the Israelites and >;(»es back to a people who were 

 enj^aji'cd solely in tlu' care of slie(>p, Uy these it was used as a signal 

 of alarm. 



SIMll-Ai: INSTK'UIMKNTM. 



Various ancient and modern nations Ikinc used the horns of animals 

 lor wind instruments. 'I'he followiiiii' specimens are preserved in the 

 collection of musical instruments in the U. S. National .Museum. 



At the tiiiuMif the f'estival of llu^ Prophet the llerbeis use a horn 

 which consists of I wo ranis' horns joined at t lie ends and provided with 

 metal mouthpieces. This iiistiiiiiieiil is now called /.amr. Tlu' speci- 

 nu'ii beloiij^s to the National IMuseiim and was collected by INlr. Talcott 

 Williams. 



The Shriuga, ''an ancient outdoor wind instrnmeiit of the horn 

 species. It is commonly known as the Indian horn. It was the favor- 

 ite instrument of the Hindu ^od Si\a." It is a eomnion o\ (U- bulfalo 

 horn «)f dark color, scrapi'd and polished, the tip cut «>lf and the eni- 

 bdiichure enlarm'd and shaix'd with a hot Iron. It is 1L*A inches in 

 length and liie diameter Naries from li\t' eighths to L*.] inches. In Ibrm 

 il diHers in nowise from the sli(»lar. (IM. \i,vi, No. 4.) 



The I'JiHhKcIti, also know n as the lUntza, Apunz<(., and Oukpirc, an Afri- 

 can trumpet or war horn nuide of an elephant's tusk, the natural cavity 



H;utiii Mill Kuril, in the discussion of Wetzstoin's paper, assoitod that the .i>oat 

 lioiu was still usimI lor iiiakiii{>; sliofars by tlio .lows of Poland. IC this stat>'iucnt be 

 coiTcct it would point to a tradition nioro aiirieut than that contained in tho Jewish 

 liturgy. 



