300 Tin: siiofak — adlku. 



IXM'lonnors usually bciii";- IliiHliis ol" tlic lower ciislc. In the villages 

 (tf soullicni and central Indiai tlic waielnneu blow it at sunset and at 

 certain iu>urs of the nij«ht, like the. (l<'iinan narliticaclitrr. In larji'e 

 cities a horn-blower is always al (ached to llui police. There is seldom 

 a miard or delachnient of nalive irrej^iilar troops without one. It is 

 employed in all proiu'ssions, temple scivicH's, marria^^cs, and otlier 

 lestive oceasions, and at Innerals.* ' 



Another truini)et of the same class is th«' kurna, used chiclly in reli- 

 f^ious ])rocessions, or in lesti\als in honor of local di\inities. Only 

 llrahmiiis and ixmsous of a certain rank are permitted to use the kurna. 

 It is esteemed by all Ihahmins to be the most, ancient instrunuMit of 

 music in existence, and the sound of it to be especially ]tleasin^- to tlu^ 

 ^ods in va.i'ious ]>articidar cerenu)nies aiul at solemn parts of the sacri- 

 lices ((M". Ibid. loc. cit.). 



CONCLTTSIONS. 



Tu couclusiou, the following' deducticuis, which sooni to be legitimate, 

 are drawn, thouj'li all are not advanced with ecjual contidence: 



(1) The oldest wind instrument used by inland peoi>les was the horn 

 of an animal, with a natural <*avity, and a mouthpiece formed by euttinu' 

 o(1 the eml. Horns which required hollowinj^' came later into use. 



(2) These horns W(>re originally used as si,«;nals in time of danger 

 and for makin<;' announcenuMits in ^'ueral. 



(.">) Many of these important anncMiiU'enuMits had a religious charac 

 t«'r. The ant iquity of the instrunuMit caused its i)ernianent adoption 

 for sacred |»uiposes. 



(1) The shofai, speakiuii' esi)eciall3' of the instrument of that name, 

 was originally a w iud instrunieiit, made of the horn of a wild uoat. Its 

 sacred charact«'r may be connected with sacrilu'ial use made of the 

 goat . 



(5) The etymology of the word is to be sought in the Assyrian mppar, 

 a s])eeies of wild goat; saititartii (the feminine form) meant originally 

 the horn of the sa|>par, and it may afterwards luive bei^n used for horn 

 in general. 



Tribes dwelling near the sea used shells for the same pur])ose. Bib- 

 lical Hebrew possesses two other words for the horn of some special 

 animal, (/c>7'>/ and ;/(>/><7, which w«Me originally applied to animals. It 

 is interesting in this connection that Ib'brew cp'ren, Latin cornn, and 

 I'aiglish horn are all used both lor a wind instrument and for the horn 

 of an animal. 



'<]!'. ('apl. Mraduws 'raylor. l'rn(«'f<liiii;s i>l' tlir Koyiil Irish AcadtMiiy , \o\. 



ix, PI. 1, 1.. lie. 



