NO. 1442. JAMES TYPES OF BRYOZOA—BASSLER. 7 



This series of articles differs from the preceding in its less critical 

 tone and iconoclastic spirit. The S3'^nonymy is considerably modified, 

 more species now being- recognized as valid. The same specific group- 

 ing according to zoarial growth is followed, but the author has appar- 

 entlj^ modified his views as to the value of internal characters, since 

 these are now noted in his descriptions. The work was left unfinished 

 by the death of the author. 



LAWS OF NOMENCLATURE. 



In order to avoid repetition in the descriptive portion of this work, 

 the writer has selected and quoted below such laws of nomenclature 

 as will be found to have special application to the James species. 

 These are given as published in the Code of Nomenclature adopted by 

 the American Ornithologists' Union (New York, 1892), and it is 

 believed that the canons quoted cover all the cases afforded by the 

 James bryozoan species. 



OF THE RETENTION OP NAMES. 



Canon A'A'ATJ. — A nomen nudum, generic or specific, may be adopted by a subse- 

 quent author, but the name takes both its date and authority from the time when, 

 and from the author by whom, the name becomes clothed with significance by being 

 properly defined and published. 



OF THE REJECTION OF NAMES. 



Canon A'^A'ATT". — A nomen nudum is to be rejected as having no status in nomen- 

 clature. ^ 



Canon A'A'A'TT. — A name resting solely on an inadequate diagnosis is to be rejected, 

 on the ground that it is indeterminable and therefore not properly defined. 



Canon XXXIX. — A name which has never been clearly defined in some published 

 work is to be changed for the earliest name by which the object shall have been so 

 defined, if such name exist; otherwise a new name is to be provided, or the old name 

 may be properly defined and retained, its priority and authority to date from the 

 time and author so defining it. 



OF THE DEFINITION OF NAMES. 



Canon XLIII. — The basis of a specific or subspecific name is either (1) an identifi- 

 able published description, or (2) a recognizable jniblished figure or plate, or (3) the 

 original type specimen or specimens, absolutely identified as the type or types of the 

 species or subspecies in question; but in no case is a type specimen to be accepted as 

 the basis of a specific or subspecific name, when it radically disagrees with or is con- 

 tradictory to the characters given in the diagram or description based upon it. 



Canon XLV. — Absolute identification is requisite in order to displace a modern 

 current name liy an older obscure one. 



OF THE PUBLICATION OP NAMES. 



Canon XLVII. — Publication consists in the public sale or distribution of printed 

 matter — books, pamphlets, or plates. 



