HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN MENHADEN. 215 



the Lofodeu Islaud by Dr. Scbeibler aud Herr Fioblich. lu 185G, 

 Stoeckbardt informs us that a joint stock-comijany bad been formed at 

 Cbristiana for tbe manufacture of tbo guano, and bad taken tbe patent 

 from Dr. K. Hansen and F. C. Scbiibler. (Tbe Dr. Scbiebler above ?) 

 Tbe company consisted of tbese two gentlemen and tbree otbers, Messrs. 

 Frohlicb, Brocb, and Heftye. In 1859, be reports tbe manufacture as 

 having liually begun in tbe past season (1858) on a large scale. In 1800, 

 tbe guano was offered for sale in Germany, by Mr. Meinert, of Leipsic. 

 In 18G3, Mr. Meinert states that, "unfortunately," tbe fish guano has 

 become so popular in ]Sforway, Sweden, and Denmark, that a kirge part 

 of tbe supply has been retained there, and not enough will reach Germany 

 to supply the demand. In 18G9, Meinert reports to the "Ackersmann" 

 that tbe manufacture has attained such a degree of perfection that an 

 article can be offered of uniform composition, and containing 8 to 10 per 

 cent, of nitrogen and 10 to 15 per cent, of phosphoric acid. 



In 1870, it was stated that the refuse of 4 to 5 million codfish was 

 worked up into guano, while that of tbe remaining 14 to 15 million was 

 still allowed to go to waste. 



In 1871, Meinert, whose accounts of his journeys to Lofoden, published 

 in the "Cbemiscbe Ackersmann," are well worth tbe reading, reports tbe 

 success of attempts, undertaken by himself, to make guano from whole 

 fish, from kinds whose inferior value for human food had caused them to 

 be sold at very low prices or to be used in Norway for cattle food. From 

 tbese "waste fish" 200 tons of guano bad been prepared, of so good 

 quality that a content of 11 to 12 j^er cent, nitrogen and 5 to G per cent, 

 phosphoric acid. Tbe high proportion of nitrogen is due to tbe use of 

 the whole fish. It finds rapid sales at higher prices than the ordinar^^ 

 guano. 



In 1874, tbe "Landwirtbschaftlicbes Centralblatt" (XXII, G13) speaks 

 of the Norwegian guano as follows : 



"The Norwegian guano, as is well known, is made of tbe heads 

 and backs of tbe cod.* Tbese fish are taken from January to May, 

 all along tbe coast from Finmark to Ilammerfest, lat. 68-71 N., but 

 especially on tbe Lofoden Islands. During the season 2,000 fishermen 

 are engaged. Tbe catch of cod has averaged during the past teu years, 

 according to statistical reports, from 18,000,000 to 22,000,000. The 

 sides of the fish are dried either on lines upheld by posts or upon the 

 rocks. Those prepared in the former way are sold in Spain, Italy, &c., 

 under the name stock-fish ; the others are sent to Eussia and Sweden, 

 under tbe name of KlippfischA The refuse was formerly thrown into 

 tbe sea or left to tbe sea fowls, except the small quantity used as fodder 



*The Dorsch, Gadus callarias, common Cod, aud Kaheljau, Gadus molva vel morrhua, 

 Ling, are both said to be taken at Lofoden. Sometimes one and sometimes the other ia 

 named as the xninciiial fish of those fisheries. [They are the same. G. B. G.] 



\ Stock, rod, stick; Kiippe, rock; so cod. ADglo Saxon gad or goad, a rod, and the 

 Latin gaitdus has a corresj)onding Sanscrit root, cad or gad, a rod. See paper by J. C. 

 Brevoort, on the names of codfish. 



