GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUriON OF THE GADID^. 549 



Gadus callarias L. is, accord iug to Dr. Giintlier, tbo juvenile variety 

 of tlie codOsb. Both kinds arc actually found together in most regions, 

 but we must also state that there are regions where Gadus morrhiia but 

 no Gadus callarias is found, c. g., near Spitzbergen and in the Pacific 

 Ocean ; and Gadus callarias occurs in places where Gadus morrhua has 

 so far not been observed, e.g., on the west coast of France. This cer- 

 tainly is no proof against Gadus callarias being the juvenile variety, and 

 is not intended as such ; it is only intended to prove that Gadus callarias 

 is not found as far north as the codfish, but occurs more in the south, 

 probably because, as a juvenile variety, it is more sensitive to tempera- 

 ture and very briny water. It is found just as frequently on the coast 

 of Icelantl as on the coast of Denmark, and occurs near the Faroe Islands, 

 Great Britain, Norway, and Finmarken. It is common in the German 

 Ocean, on the Doggers Bank, and near Heligoland. It is larger and 

 more frequent in the Baltic, especially on the coasts of Germany, Cour- 

 land, Esthonia, and Livonia, but is not found near St. Petersburg. On 

 the coast of Courland, eighteen nautical miles southwest of Libau, the 

 percentage of brine at a depth of 21 fathoms is only 0.77. The stream- 

 cod, which lives in currents of the sea, is said not to be as good as that 

 living in calm water. It is a remarkable fact that the common codfish 

 lives and spawns in company with other fish in a fresh-water lake near 

 the northern shore of Iceland, called Olafsvate, which is separated from 

 the sea by a narrow sand-reef, and was probably in former times a bay 

 of the sea, whose entrance has been closed np by sand, but which receives 

 fresh water from some spring. Thus Gadus morrhua, in its juvenile 

 variety, callarias, here shows the genuine characteristics of a fresh- water 

 fish. It is also found near Greenland, and Capt. James Ross says : " On 

 the north coast of America and along the coasts of the passage west of 

 the Boothia Peninsula we found 4 species of these fish (Gadidcc), which 

 are also common in Davis Strait and Baffin's Bay ; two of these species 

 inhabit the sea east of Boothia." This fish is therefore found all through 

 the northern seas and on the coasts of the United States as far as New 

 York. 



Yarrell says that there are four varieties ; these are occasioned by its 

 different location. It keeps on clayey bottom or on rocky bottom where 

 there are many sea-weeds, and has a more grayish or reddish color ac- 

 cording to its location. Gadus mjJefinus L. is found very frequently in 

 the northern seas. It occurs quite often near the coasts of Greenland 

 and the Faroe Islands, and is very common near the coasts of Norway, 

 Scotland, and Iceland ,• not so frequent, however, on the northern coast 

 of the last mentioned island, and is everywhere exceeded in numbers by 

 the Gadus morrhua. It is numerous on the American coasts of the North 

 Atlantic Ocean, especially in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. According to 

 Schonevelde it is found in the Schlei, near Eckernforde and near Kiel. 

 Near Eckernforde the depth is 6 fathoms, and the percentage of brine 

 1.51. 



