152 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 



to the willing cooperation of the Bureau representatives, we were 

 able to obtain measurements on the full blood children. 42 in num- 

 ber, and in addition to investigate some of the nearljy sites of old 

 settlements. 



Leaving Bristol Bay we continued northward along the coast, 

 stopping at Kulukak. Togiak. Alumtrak, and Tanunuk. The Eskimo 

 here live in small villages, usually along the coast near the mouth of 

 a stream. They subsist principally on fish, seal, and birds, together 

 with berries and a few other native plants. The most important item 

 of their clothing is the inevitable parka, a long coat-like garment made 

 of feathers or fur. Their dwellings are semi-subterranean, consisting 

 of a square or octagonal excavation from one to three feet deep with 

 walls and roof built up of successive tiers of driftwood logs, for 

 there is no timber anywhere along the coast north of Bristol Bay. 

 The outside is completely covered with sod on which in summer there 

 is growing grass, giving to the house more the ap]^earance of a small 

 mound than a dwelling. The houses are entered through a small ante- 

 chamber, connected with the main room by a narrow tunnel -like pas- 

 sage. A characteristic feature of these Eskimo villages is the kashim. 

 or kuzhge, where the men and boys spend the greater part of their time 

 and where the dances and winter ceremonies are held. The kashim 

 is larger than the women's house and in construction differs from it 

 in several respects. For winter travel the Eskimo use sleds and dog 

 teams while in summer most of their journeys are made in the kayak, 

 the ingeniously made skin boat so typical of the Eskimo everywhere. 

 The kayak has a light frame of drift-wood tightly lashed together 

 with leather thongs and covered over with seal skin. A round opening 

 is left at the center just large enough to hold two people sitting back 

 to back. In front of the paddler, resting on ivory pegs along the 

 sloping top of the kayak, are laid the harpoon, bird spears, and throw- 

 ing stick, but in addition to these native weapons of the chase, the 

 Eskimo of today usually has a rifle or shotgun stowed away inside 

 the kayak. 



On June 21st we landed at Nash Harbor on the northwestern end 

 of Nunivak Island, 48 days after leaving Seattle. Here at the small 

 native village of Kligachimiuny is located the Bureau school under 

 the able management of Mr. and Mrs. Irving H. Bird. Shortly after 

 our arrival at Nash Harbor, our party was increased to three by the 

 arrival of Mr. C. G. Harrold, Canadian ornithologist, who was col- 

 lecting for the California Academy of Sciences. 



