356 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [Sess. lxxix. 



and the lichen Cladonia rangiferina. Under the pines very 

 short Calluna vulgaris is supremely dominant. 



Between the south-east margin of the pine wood and 

 the Bay, marsh with Atriplex patula dominant is suc- 

 ceeded to landward by a mingled grouping of Atriplex 

 patula and Car ex arenaria. Hereabouts a tall clump of 

 Hieracium corymbosum, Fr., is conspicuous. 



(b) Sandy Ridges. (See Map IV.) 



On the south-west the flats, which have been treated 

 above, rise in the ridge of fixed dune. At their north end, 

 however, the flats extend farther westward and reach the 

 birch wood. At the south end, again, the flats, on which 

 there is typical sand-flora, narrow, not much more than 

 the breadth of the road mentioned intervening between 

 the eastern foot of the slope and pasture-land with typical 

 pasture-land plants. 



The dune which separates the flats from the rest of the 

 Culbins is well covered with vegetation, especially at the 

 southern end. There scattered and aged individuals of 

 Pinus sylvestris are growing. There, too, the mosses form 

 a leading feature in the ground vegetation, growing over 

 the surface of the sand where there is little other covering, 

 and also forming a close mat under and among the herbage. 

 Hylocomium triquetrum, B. et S., is dominant. Hylo- 

 comium squarrosum and Thuidium tamariscinum are 

 very abundant. Peltigera canina is another locally 

 dominant covering associated with Cladonia rangiferina. 

 On the ridge and western and eastern slopes the most 

 frequent of the angiosperms are Cerastium tetrandrum, 

 Curt. ; Lotus corniculatus, Linn. ; Galium saxatile, Linn. ; 

 and Senecio Jacobaea. The last is an outstanding feature 

 of the Culbin flora and is found in very varied habitats, 

 having been taken in the salt-marsh, on the flats, the higher 

 fixed dunes and the shifting dunes, and the dune-marshes. 



At the other end of the ridge where the formation is 

 rather of an irregular arrangement of numerous small fixed 

 dunes, Luzula campestris, DC. ; Viola canina, Linn. ; 

 Veronica officinalis, Linn. ; and Rumex Acetosa, are very 

 common, and Pyrola media, Sw., is frequent. 



Hypnum cupressiforme, Linn., is one of the dominant 



