Feb. 1901.] BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH 33 



crust. The Anglo-Saxon berindan, and the German 

 abrinden, mean to bark a tree, i.e. to peel the rind or 

 bark oft'. It follows from this, therefore, that the rind in 

 English and the Rinde in German are separable from the 

 wood, and are used in the same sense as our scparahk bark. 



The modern equivalents in the three languages are — 

 English, bark ; German, Bindc ; and French, 6corce. The 

 Germans have another word, Borke, which has the same root 

 as our word, bark, but its application is entirely difterent, 

 and it is the mistranslation of Borkc which has led to the 

 erroneous definition of bark. 



Since bark in English takes the place of Eind in 

 German, both scientifically and popularly, the word rind 

 in English has lost much of its original meaning, and it is 

 seldom used uow^ except as a name for the separable cover- 

 ing of fruit, such as the rind of an orange or other fruit. 

 Where rind is still used in a purely botanical sense, it is as 

 the synonym of bark. 



For the modern terminology of Vegetable Anatomy and 

 Histology, it is best to follow the work of the past ten 

 years ; and as it scarcely comes within the scope of this 

 paper to enter into the details of primary and secondary 

 growth in the stems and roots of Spermaphytes, reference 

 should be made to the publications of that period. 



The following is naturally an incomplete historical 

 sketch of the use of the term, bark, during the nineteenth 

 century, but it shows conclusively that the old En^jlish 

 definition is the correct one: — Martyn (4), 1807 — "The 

 inner bark (liber)." Wildenow (5, p. 251), 1811— "The 

 outer bark (cortex) .... covers the inner bark (liber) 

 .... This is followed by the alburnum, or the soft wood, 

 as it is called." Lindley (6, p. 61), 1832 — "The bark is 

 the external coating of the stem, lying immediately over the 

 wood, to which it forms a sort of sheath, and from which 

 it is always distinctly separable." Von Mohl (7), 1836 — 

 " Untersuchungen liber die Entwickelung des Koikes und 

 der Borke auf der Kinde der baumartigen Dicotylen." 



Sachs (18, p. 309) refers to these researches of von 

 Mohl in these terms : " He brought entirely new facts to 

 li^ht by his study of the development of cork and the 

 outer bark {i.e. Borke) in 1836 ; these tissues had scarcely 



TRAXS. EOT. BOC. EDIN. VOL. XXII. C 



