Feb. 1901.] BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBUKGH 37 



Thus, to render his meaning clear, Marshall Ward uses 

 cortex, cortical covering, cortical jacket, saidi "hark'' to indicate 

 the separable bark in the original English sense ; and he 

 uses dead hark, true hark, and hark proper to point out 

 the region beyond the phellogen. At the same time his 

 language is so clear tliat it is almost impossible for any 

 reader to mistake his meaning, only there is a danger in 

 the multiplicity of terms ; and, on the whole, it would be 

 better to " call a spade, a spade." 



In 1890, the translation of Sachs' "History" (18), 

 already referred to, was published. In it, Einde becomes 

 rind, or hark, and Borke outer hark ; but, unfortunately, 

 later translators of other works have returned to the 

 erroneous translation of 1884. 



In 1891, Van Tieghem's '.' Botanique " (19) appeared, 

 and although he emphasises the central cylinder or stele, 

 he makes the terminology more difficult than ever. He 

 takes the popular French word 6corce (so well defined by 

 Adrien de Jussieu) as equivalent to our word " bark," and 

 restricts it to what we now call " cortex," and, as far as 

 can be seen, he has no term to take the place of what the 

 ordinary Frenchman knows as icorce. 



Von Mohl first used the term " periderm " to mean 

 the cork tissue formed outside the phellogen, but De Bary 

 suggested the use of the term as applicable to periderm, 

 phellogen, and phelloderm collectively, and in this sense 

 it is now used by most botanists. 



In 1894, Scott's "Structural Botany" (20) was pub- 

 lished, and, at p. 97, he says — " The whole of this secondary 

 tissue, including phelloderm, phellogen, and cork, is called 

 the peridenn. The word hark is applied to everything 

 outside the phellogen. . . . The bark consists entirely of 

 dead tissues," thus adhering to his conjoint translation of 

 " Borke" in 1884. In this book, no name is given to the 

 region outside the cambium. 



In 1896, Francis Darwin published his "Elements of 

 Botany" (21), and, at p. 80, says — "The bark, in the 

 everyday meaning of the word, is that part of the stem 

 external to the cambium. I propose to use the term in 

 this sense, in spite of the fact that in English botanical 

 books it is applied only to the tissue external to the co7^k- 



