468 PROCEEDINGS OF SECTION G. 



h e bd omek n t a (adj. form + konta), M U v A L c ii L woukl 

 mean some one of the tens, say, " twenty ;" the Etruscan word 

 M E A L c H L, — the m e-a 1 (for m e-a d) not having an adj . form, — 

 woukl then mean "twelve" {cf. Ger. zwo-lf and zwan-zig.).* 



This view of the formation and meaning of M u v A L c H L is 

 corroborated by what we find in the Dra vidian numerals; in them 

 e i m-b a d u, e i v - a 1 1 u is 50, and e i n - n u r u is 500 ; and Dr. 

 Caldwell tells us that the e i n or e i m is an adjective increment 

 = a n or a m. It corresponds with the I.-K. adjective termination 

 am, as above. The Dra vidian word for "five" is ei, ei-du 

 (see par. IX.); and so these two forms for "fifty" might be 

 written ei-amb-ad-u and ei-amh-add-u (mh^v"); they 

 woukl thus present a striking parallel to the K. formations in 

 - a m - a d. 



This analogy of mechanism in the formation of the Etruscan 

 and the Keltic numerals seems to confirm my view of their 

 common origin, and will justify me in proceeding now to con- 

 sider the Etruscan digits separately. Let us see how they arrange 

 themselves. 



V. In my opinion, the E s A L of the inscriptions means " first," 

 and is the ordinal form of the number " one." In many languages, 

 as Bopp has shown ("Verg. Gram"), the number "one" is ex- 

 pressed by the pronoun of the third person. Now, that pronoun 

 in G. is e s a (S. stem s a, " he"), from which I form regularly, by 

 Result 2, a G. abstract substantive esa-ad, Etr. esal (long a), 

 whence L. sol-us (long o), sol-en n is; and from the stem 

 esa, by dropping the e, the L. sim-plex, sin-guli, and the 

 Gr. ha-pax, ha-ploos {cf. S. sa-krit, "once").t 



But, in the Aryan languages, the cardinal "one" comes from 

 a root different from that of its ordinal {cf. S. e k a, " one," 

 but 2? r a t h a m a s, " first ;" Gr. h e i s, hen, " one," but p r o t o s, 

 " first," &c.) ; thus the Etr. word h u T H seems to me to be the 

 G. uath, "solitary, alone, single," which, by the mere change 

 of the dental d (=?t or th) into its dental-liquid n, gives the 

 L. un-us, "one." The Etr. H u t ii is thus to me "the number 

 one" {cf. the Gr. mona s), and this G. word uath is formed in 

 the usual way (see Result 1) from a root u or hu. It is true 

 that the G. uath is at this hour obsolete; but, nevertheless, it 

 still exists in its derived noun o t h a-i s g (o-t h a for o-a t h), " a 



* Corssen and others read s e m p ii A L c n l in the inscriptions, and not s e s p n a i, c n L, 

 the Etruscan alphabet characters for m and s beinpf verv nmchahlie ; but this difference 

 of reading will not affect my argument, for the Irish even now sometimes omit the s in 

 their word for "sixth." 



t In this connection it i= curious to note that, of eighteen Malayan, Papuan, and Micronesian 

 words to mean "one," g:iveii by Wallace in his "Australasia," ten are either the simple 

 word sa or a lonfjer form of it: one of them is essa and another sali. I have no 

 means of getting to know if this word sa is connected with a personal pronoun meaning 

 "he." The Polynesian words for "one" are ta or ka with the suffix si or ki; the ka 

 is the same as the S. e k a , " one." 



