﻿Classification 
  of 
  (he 
  Order 
  Synentognathi. 
  329 
  

  

  The 
  fislies 
  of 
  this 
  order 
  have 
  often 
  been 
  considered 
  to 
  form 
  

   but 
  a 
  single 
  family, 
  Scornbresocidse 
  (Giinth. 
  Cat. 
  Fish. 
  vi. 
  

   p. 
  234; 
  Bouleng. 
  Camb. 
  Nat, 
  Hist. 
  Fish. 
  p. 
  637). 
  In 
  1878 
  

   Cope 
  (Proc. 
  Amer. 
  Phil. 
  Soc. 
  xvii. 
  p. 
  695) 
  proposed 
  to 
  place 
  

   Belone 
  in 
  a 
  separate 
  family, 
  the 
  possession 
  of 
  a 
  coronoid 
  

   bone 
  and 
  of 
  zygapophyses 
  being 
  said 
  to 
  distinguish 
  it 
  from 
  

   the 
  Exocoetidae. 
  In 
  1895 
  (Proc. 
  U.S. 
  Nat. 
  Mus. 
  xviii. 
  p. 
  167) 
  

   Dr. 
  G.ll 
  put 
  forward 
  the 
  following 
  scheme 
  : 
  — 
  

  

  Family 
  Exoc<etid«. 
  

  

  Synentognathi 
  with 
  the 
  supramaxillaries 
  [mamillaries] 
  only 
  in 
  contact 
  

   with 
  the 
  intermaxillariea 
  [prssmaxillaries], 
  the 
  mandihle 
  with 
  a 
  reduced 
  

   intradentary 
  hone, 
  the 
  hypopharyngeals 
  united 
  in 
  a 
  broad 
  triangular 
  

   body, 
  the 
  third 
  pair 
  of 
  epipharyngeal* 
  much 
  enlarged, 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  fourth 
  

   pair 
  aborted 
  or 
  united 
  with 
  the 
  third, 
  and 
  the 
  vertebrae 
  without 
  zyga- 
  

   pophysoid 
  processes. 
  

  

  Subfamily 
  Scomberesocinje. 
  

  

  Exoccetids 
  with 
  both 
  jaws 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  elongated 
  and 
  attenuated 
  

   forward, 
  pectoral 
  fins 
  moderate, 
  and 
  the 
  epipharyngeals 
  of 
  the 
  third 
  pair 
  

   separate. 
  

  

  Subfamily 
  Exoccetin^:. 
  

  

  Exoccetids 
  with 
  both 
  jaws 
  rounded 
  or 
  simply 
  angulated 
  forward, 
  

   pectoral 
  tins 
  enlarged 
  and 
  adapted 
  for 
  susteutation 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  in 
  the 
  

   air, 
  and 
  the 
  epipharyngeals 
  of 
  the 
  third 
  pair 
  separate. 
  

  

  Subfamily 
  Hemirhamphin-s:. 
  

  

  Exoccetids 
  with 
  the 
  upper 
  jaw 
  angulate 
  and 
  the 
  lower 
  produced 
  into 
  

   an 
  elongated 
  beak, 
  pectoral 
  fins 
  moderate 
  or 
  little 
  enlarged, 
  and 
  the 
  

   epipharyngeals 
  of 
  the 
  third 
  pair 
  closely 
  united 
  in 
  a 
  transverse 
  plate. 
  

  

  Family 
  Esocid** 
  [Belonid 
  je], 
  

  

  Synentognathi 
  with 
  the 
  supramaxillaries 
  united 
  by 
  suture 
  with 
  the 
  

   intermaxillaries, 
  the 
  mandible 
  with 
  an 
  elongated 
  intradentary 
  bone, 
  the 
  

   hypopharyngeals 
  united 
  in 
  a 
  narrow 
  body, 
  the 
  third 
  pair 
  of 
  epipharyngeals 
  

   little 
  enlarged, 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  fourth 
  pair 
  distinct 
  from 
  the 
  third 
  and 
  from 
  

   each 
  other 
  and 
  the 
  vertebrae 
  with 
  distinct 
  zygapophysoid 
  processes. 
  

  

  * 
  There 
  can 
  be 
  no 
  question 
  that 
  Artedi 
  and 
  Linnaeus 
  regarded 
  the 
  

   pike, 
  Esox 
  hcius, 
  as 
  the 
  type 
  of 
  the 
  genus 
  Esox. 
  Linnaeus, 
  in 
  the 
  sixth 
  

   edition 
  of 
  the 
  ' 
  Systeina 
  Naturae,' 
  included 
  three 
  species 
  in 
  the 
  genus 
  — 
  

  

  1. 
  lucius, 
  2. 
  belone, 
  8. 
  acus; 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  'Fauna 
  Suecica 
  ' 
  two 
  — 
  1. 
  Indus, 
  

  

  2. 
  belone. 
  Artedi, 
  in 
  the 
  ' 
  Bibliotheca 
  Ichthyologica 
  ' 
  (1738), 
  also 
  

   placed 
  the 
  pike, 
  Esox 
  rostro 
  plagioplateo, 
  as 
  the 
  first 
  species 
  of 
  the 
  genus 
  

   Esox, 
  and 
  as 
  the 
  first 
  synonym 
  gave 
  Esox, 
  Pliny. 
  Thus, 
  by 
  the 
  rule 
  of 
  

   tautonymy, 
  E. 
  lucius 
  is 
  the 
  type 
  of 
  Esox, 
  and 
  Rafinesque's 
  restriction 
  of 
  

   the 
  name 
  to 
  E. 
  belone 
  may 
  be 
  ignored. 
  The 
  fact 
  that 
  in 
  all 
  probability 
  

   Artedi 
  was 
  mistaken 
  in 
  thinking 
  that 
  Pliny's 
  Esox 
  was 
  the 
  pike 
  has 
  no 
  

   importance 
  in 
  this 
  connexion. 
  

  

  Ann. 
  & 
  Mag. 
  N. 
  Hist. 
  Ser. 
  8. 
  Vol. 
  vii. 
  22 
  

  

  