REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 13 
could possibly take them for anything but Indian. They—men, women and 
children—resemble the Indians in behavior, in dress, and even in the intona- 
tions of their language. 
* * * * * * * 
From Calcutta the journey led to Madras, where Doctor Hrdlitka wished 
to inspect the collections, and to see what could be learned of traces of the 
Negrito in the Indian population. One of the biggest problems in anthropology 
is the presence of the Negrito in the Philippines, the Andamans, and else- 
where in the far southeast. He is there—a clear but enigmatic type, without 
connection now in any direction. His nearest relatives are apparently the 
pygmies of Central Africa, but a great unbridged space has till now separated 
the two. The problem is, How did the Negrito get to his present homes? If 
he extended from Africa, he must have left traces of his passing in Arabia 
and India, from which, however, there has hitherto come no clear evidence 
of his presence. Such traces, so far at least as the Indian coast lands are 
concerned, Doctor Hrdlitka became satisfied do exist. They occur in Parganas 
(northwest of Calcutta), in at least one area along the eastern coast, here and 
there among the Dravidians, and along larger parts of the western coast, 
more especially in the Malabar Hills. This brings unmistakable traces of the 
Negrito a long way farther to the westward and so much nearer to Africa, 
making his derivation from that continent so much the more probable. 
A great collection of paleolithic implements is preserved in the museum at 
Madras. These implements are similar to those of other parts of India. They 
are all of one general class, so that there can hardly be a question as to 
their contemporary origin in the different parts of India, their connection 
with people of the same race, and belonging to the same, though perhaps a 
long, cultural period. They do not show great variety. They resemble some 
of the paleolithic implements of western Europe, but on the whole can not be 
associated with any one of the Huropean cultural periods. In certain parts 
of India, such as the Santal country north of Calcutta, such implements have 
been collected in thousands. In other parts, especially near Madras, they 
are partly on the surface soil, partly from 1 to 4 or 5 feet and even deeper 
below the surface. In places they occur in the alluvium of the rivers and 
occasionally in the “laterite,” a talus-like débris resulting from the disinte- 
gration of older rocks. 
In short, there are plentiful paleolithic implements over large portions of 
the country, but as yet they do not definitely indicate a man of geological 
antiquity. 
With regard to the bulk of the present population of India, Doctor Hrdlitka 
believes he can say with confidence that it is mainly composed of three ethnic 
elements—the Mediterranean, the Semitic, and in certain parts the “ Hamitic” 
or North African. The “Aryans” show everywhere either the Semitic or the 
Mediterranean type. There was seen nothing that could be referred to the 
types of central or northern Europe: It would seem therefore that the Aryans 
came from Persia and Asia Minor rather than from or through what is now 
European Russia. 
* * * * * * * 
The visit to Java was made chiefly for the purpose of inspecting the site of 
the Pithecanthropus, but Doctor Hrdlitka also desired to satisfy himself as 
to any possible cultural traces of early man, and as to the present population. 
As a result of the generous assistance given by the authorities, he was able 
to see the natives in practically the whole of the island and especially to 
examine that important region which gave the precious remains of the Pithe- 
