﻿22 
  MENHADEN 
  INDUSTRY 
  OF 
  THE 
  ATLANTIC 
  COAST. 
  

  

  "leader," 
  passing 
  through 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  the 
  tank. 
  The 
  open 
  end 
  or 
  

   top 
  may 
  be 
  raised 
  or 
  lowered 
  to 
  any 
  desired 
  distance 
  beneath 
  the 
  

   surface 
  and 
  the 
  oil 
  drawn 
  off 
  without 
  disturbing 
  the 
  water 
  beneath. 
  

   A 
  pump 
  is 
  usually 
  used 
  in 
  connection 
  with 
  this 
  arrangement. 
  The 
  

   liquid 
  is 
  usually 
  hot 
  when 
  coming 
  from 
  the 
  presses 
  and 
  requires 
  no 
  

   heating 
  in 
  the 
  receiving 
  tanks. 
  Some 
  of 
  the 
  factories, 
  however, 
  have 
  

   installed 
  perforated 
  pipes 
  in 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  these 
  so 
  that 
  heat 
  may 
  be 
  

   applied 
  if 
  necessary. 
  

  

  The 
  separating 
  tanks 
  all 
  have 
  a 
  similar 
  arrangement 
  of 
  pipes 
  placed 
  

   under 
  false 
  bottoms, 
  though 
  only 
  sufficient 
  steam 
  is 
  applied 
  in 
  these 
  

   to 
  keep 
  the 
  liquid 
  hot, 
  usually 
  about 
  125° 
  to 
  150°. 
  The 
  water 
  is 
  

   drawn 
  from 
  the 
  receiving 
  and 
  separating 
  tanks 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  a 
  ''coffee 
  

   pot" 
  or 
  siphon 
  box 
  6 
  by 
  12 
  inches 
  in 
  size, 
  built 
  against 
  the 
  inside 
  of 
  

   the 
  tanks, 
  with 
  the 
  lower 
  end 
  opening 
  about 
  6 
  inches 
  from 
  the 
  bottom 
  

   of 
  the 
  tank. 
  The 
  water, 
  entering 
  here, 
  passes 
  up 
  through 
  the 
  box 
  and 
  

   out 
  at 
  the 
  top. 
  By 
  the 
  time 
  the 
  oil 
  passes 
  from 
  the 
  last 
  of 
  the 
  series 
  

   of 
  separating 
  tanks 
  to 
  the 
  cooking 
  tanks 
  it 
  is 
  practically 
  free 
  of 
  water. 
  

   It 
  is 
  then 
  cooked 
  to 
  the 
  boiling 
  point 
  by 
  steam 
  injected 
  from 
  the 
  per- 
  

   forated 
  pipes 
  placed 
  in 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  the 
  tanks, 
  20 
  to 
  30 
  minutes 
  

   usually 
  being 
  sufficient 
  time 
  for 
  the 
  cooking 
  process. 
  

  

  After 
  the 
  cooking 
  the 
  oil 
  is 
  sometimes 
  drawn 
  into 
  ''cooling 
  tanks," 
  

   but 
  more 
  frequently 
  it 
  is 
  pumped 
  directly 
  to 
  the 
  storage 
  tanks, 
  which 
  are 
  

   usually 
  made 
  of 
  metal 
  and 
  are 
  located 
  some 
  distance 
  from 
  the 
  factory. 
  

   These 
  tanks 
  are 
  without 
  cover, 
  so 
  that 
  the 
  oil 
  may 
  have 
  the 
  benefit 
  of 
  

   the 
  sun 
  and 
  rain, 
  which 
  improves 
  it 
  by 
  bleachmg 
  and 
  washing. 
  Some 
  

   of 
  the 
  factories 
  have 
  what 
  are 
  known 
  as 
  "catch-all" 
  tanks, 
  into 
  which 
  

   all 
  the 
  water 
  from 
  the 
  separating 
  and 
  other 
  tanks 
  is 
  run 
  and 
  heated 
  by 
  

   means 
  of 
  steam 
  introduced 
  by 
  the 
  same 
  arrangement 
  of 
  pipes 
  as 
  has 
  

   been 
  described 
  above, 
  so 
  that 
  any 
  remaining 
  oil 
  may 
  be 
  extracted. 
  

   It 
  is 
  said 
  that 
  there 
  is 
  sometimes 
  a 
  considerable 
  quantity 
  of 
  oil 
  saved 
  

   by 
  this 
  process. 
  The 
  sediment 
  collecting 
  in 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  the 
  tanks 
  

   during 
  the 
  separating 
  and 
  cooking 
  process, 
  consisting 
  of 
  fine 
  particles 
  

   of 
  flesh, 
  is 
  called 
  "gurry"; 
  this 
  is 
  sprinkled 
  with 
  diluted 
  sulphuric 
  

   acid, 
  either 
  before 
  or 
  after 
  being 
  conveyed 
  to 
  the 
  gurry 
  -press 
  room, 
  to 
  

   facilitate 
  the 
  separation 
  of 
  the 
  remaining 
  oil 
  from 
  the 
  flesh 
  particles. 
  

   It 
  is 
  then 
  cooked 
  20 
  to 
  30 
  minutes 
  by 
  steam 
  injected 
  by 
  the 
  process 
  

   above 
  described, 
  and 
  while 
  hot 
  is 
  pressed. 
  

  

  Two 
  forms 
  of 
  presses 
  are 
  used 
  for 
  the 
  gurry. 
  The 
  one 
  most 
  fre- 
  

   quently 
  found 
  is 
  very 
  simple 
  in 
  construction; 
  it 
  consists 
  of 
  an 
  iron 
  

   framework 
  about 
  10 
  feet 
  high, 
  forming 
  "bays," 
  each 
  28 
  mches 
  wide, 
  

   in 
  which 
  are 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  steel 
  plates; 
  the 
  gurry 
  is 
  put 
  into 
  canvas 
  

   bags, 
  about 
  2 
  gallons 
  to 
  each; 
  the 
  mouths 
  of 
  the 
  bags 
  are 
  not 
  sewed, 
  

   but 
  are 
  folded 
  in 
  such 
  a 
  manner 
  as 
  to 
  prevent 
  the 
  semisolid 
  gurry 
  

   running 
  out. 
  Two 
  bags 
  are 
  placed 
  on 
  each 
  plate, 
  with 
  a 
  total 
  of 
  100 
  

  

  