24 EXPLORATIONS, WESTERN ATLANTIC, STEAMER BACHE, 1914. 
less obvious index to upwelling than temperature at this or greater 
depths. At 1,800 meters the temperature was very nearly uniform, 
the extreme range being only from 3.5° to 4.2°, with water as warm 
as 4° for approximately 400 miles west of Bermuda. At this level 
the extreme range of salinity was only 0.07°/o. (34.94-35.01°/.0), 
water of 35°/,. occupying an elipse between Bermuda and_ the 
Bahamas, apparently surrounded by slightly fresher water—1i. e., 
roughly corresponding to the area of highest temperature at this 
level. Thus, the effect of the warm salt water of the Florida and 
Fig. 20.—Temperature at 1,000 meters. 
Antilles currents, so noticeable on the surface, is hardly to be traced 
below 600 meters, by either salinity or temperature. On the con- 
trary, the cold, comparatively fresh water of the deeps rises nearer 
to the surface under them than in the region west of Bermuda, and 
apparently this is also the case south and east of Bermuda. Thus 
we have, west of Bermuda, a mass of water distinguished by high 
temperature and salinity, from about 200 down to 1,800 meters. 
There is, of course, nothing novel in the observation that the water, 
as a whole, is warmer west of Bermuda than farther south or east—1.e., 
that the cold abyss water is farther from the surface. Indeed, the 
