896 Geological Society : — 



observed no trace of such fragments along the supposed line of 

 transport, except at the isolated localities above-mentioned. In 

 pursuing his journey up the Jhelum by Baramula and Sopur 

 through North Kashmir to the North Punjal Range, which he was 

 occupied in surveying, the author was enabled to study the nature 

 of the great alluvial deposits of Kashmir, constituting a formation 

 of great thickness, and of which the Karewah Hills, sometimes up- 

 wards of 300 feet in height, are formed. This alluvium or 

 " Karewah formation " is betieved by Mr. H. Godwin-Austen to be 

 purely of lacustrine origin. He found that it is always composed 

 of detritus of local origin, containing granitic, basaltic, or calcareous 

 fragments, according to the nature of the mountaiqs in the back- 

 ground, from which the materials had been derived ; and that the 

 coarser constituents lie near the mountains, whilst finer and finer 

 detritus is discernible in the beds towards the plains. Subsequently 

 examining the heights above the Jhelum outside the Baramula 

 Pass, the author found the granitic rocks in place from whence the 

 granite-boulders of the valley-deposits at Kuthai, Oorie, and Gingle 

 had been derived. A journey through the Valley of Kashmir, past 

 ■the old buried city, and by Islamabad and Shahbad, to survey the 

 country traversed by the Chunab and Kishtwar Rivers, and over- 

 looked by the Brahma Mountain, 22,000 feet high, still further 

 illustrated the author's views of the local origin of the great alluvial 

 or lacustrine deposils of the country, — which, whether formed In the 

 outer and smaller basins, or in the great Kashmir Valley, appear to 

 have been the slow result of atmospheric agencies, operating on this 

 very ancient land, from the time of its first exposure as a highly 

 dislocated tract of tertiary and secondary strata entangled in an 

 irregular trough or basin of crystalline and granitic rocks, until the 

 period when the gradual disintegration of the surface had filled up 

 the step-like cavities with local lacustrine deposits. Subsequently 

 the drainage of the country has not only shaped the Karewah Hills 

 out of these sediments, but has cut through these deposits, often 

 deep Into the underlying rock, and, clearing out the gravels and 

 boulders from the choked gorges of the Jhelum at Baramula, has 

 reduced the waters of the old lake of Kashmir to Its present narrow 

 limits. Hence the buried condition of the old city and its temple, 

 and other local pha?nomena, may be accounted for, without recourse 

 being had to the supposition of successive subsidences and upheavals 

 which has been sometimes advanced. 



3. " On the Black Mica of the Granite of Leinster and Donegal." 

 By the Rev. S. Haughton, F.G.S. 



The black mica accompanying the white margarodite of the 

 Leinster granite, similar mica at Ballyellin, Carlow, and the black 

 mica found In the Poisonglen, leading to the pass of Ballj-gihen, in 

 Donegal, have been carefully examined by the author, and he regards 

 the black mica of Donegal as certainly Identical with that of Carlow 

 and Leinster, and probably the same as the black mica from Peters- 

 berg, Wermland, described as Lepidomelane by Soltmann. 



