478 Intelligence and Miscellaneous Articles. 



stance, with phosphorus the volume only increases at the moment of 

 fusion, whilst with wax the increase at this moment is but small, 

 but there is great expansion at the temperatures very closely ap- 

 proaching the melting-point. 



Phosphorus expands uniformly up to its melting-point (111° F.), 

 when its volume compared with that at 32° F. =101 7 ; it then, at 

 the moment of fusion, exhibits a sudden augmentation of volume 

 amounting to 3'4 per cent., so that at 111° F. its volume is =l - 052. 



Rhombic sulphur expands unequally, increasing rapidly in the 

 vicinity of its melting-point (239° F.) ; if its volume be taken 

 equal 1 at 32° F., it is =1-010 at 122° F., at 212° F. =1-037, and 

 at 239° F. = T096; at the moment of fusion it increases 5 per 

 cent., and then amounts to 1-150. 



White wax increases in its expansion very rapidly as it approaches 

 the melting-point (147° F.), but very little (about 0'4 per cent.) at 

 the very moment of fusion ; its volume compared with that at 32° F. 

 is 1-068 at 122° F., 1-128 at 140° F., 1-161 at 147° F., and becomes 

 1*166 when fused. 



Pure stearic acid expands less than wax before melting, but its 

 volume increases about 110 per cent, at the moment of fusion; its 

 volume at 32° F. being regarded as unity, it is 1-038 at 122° F., 

 1*054 at 140° F., 1-079 at 158° F., and becomes by fusion at the 

 latter point T198. Impure stearic acid, melting at 136° F., expands 

 rather more strongly on approaching its melting-point than pure 

 acids at the same temperature. 



Stearine, employed in the first modification, exhibits an increasing 

 expansion up to the temperature at which it passes to the second 

 modification ; at this temperature it shows a considerable change of 

 volume (amounting to 2f per cent.), but above this the volume 

 increases rapidly in the vicinity of the melting-point, and at the 

 moment of fusion there is an expansion of about 5 per cent. Stea- 

 rine, with a melting-point of 140° F., shows a volume of T031 at 

 122° F., whilst still in the first modification; on passing to the 

 second it becomes l'OOS, and the volume then increases to the 

 melting-point, when it is l - 076, .becoming 1*129 when fused. 



Water at the moment of freezing expands nearly 10 per cent, in 

 volume. 1*1 volume of ice gave 1 volume of water at 32° F., which 

 contracted when heated up to 39° F., at which temperature it occu- 

 pied 0-99988; when heated further, it expands so that its volume 

 at 212° F. amounts to 1-043. 



Hydrated salts, on the contrary, expand at the moment of fusion. 

 Chloride of calcium, CaCl+6HO, which expands from 32° F. to 

 68° F. in the proportion of 1 to 1-007, reaches 1-020 at 84° F. ; 

 at this temperature it melts, and its volume increases 9'6 per cent., 

 so that in the fluid state it is 1*118. Phosphate of soda, 2NaO, HO, 

 PO i + 24HO, expands from 32° to 68° F. in the proportion 1 to 

 rOOl ; at 95° F. it reaches 1005 ; at the moment of fusion at this 

 temperature its volume increases 5'1 per cent., so that in the fluid 

 state it is T056. Hyposulphite of soda, NaO, S 2 O a -f-5HO, expands 

 from 32° to 68° F. from 1 vol. to 1*002; at 104° F. its volume is 

 1-005 ; and at 113° F., its melting-point, 1-007 ; at the moment of 



