of the Flame of Alcohol. ll 
whose intensity depends also upon the resistance of the whole 
circuit. 
In the second part of my memoir I determine by exact mea- 
surements the actions involved in the so-called unipolar conduc- 
tion. The surfaces of contact of both poles of an element with 
the flame in connexion with the earth being equal, a small por- 
tion of positive electricity remams on the positive pole, whilst 
the negative pole possesses the whole tension of the element 
diminished by this small part. 
Neither the electricity produced in the pole-surfaces by con- 
ducting the flame to the earth, nor the tension conveyed to the 
flame from one or more galvanic elements intentionally inter- 
polated between it aud the earth, change the previous results. 
The electrical tensions which appear at both poles are equal to 
the sum of these electricities conveyed to the flame, and of the 
tensions which would otherwise have existed there. 
If the surface of one of the poles is increased, the tension of 
this pole diminishes, whilst the tension of the opposite pole is 
increased by the same amount. Exactly the reverse of this takes 
place when the surface of one of the poles is gradually with- 
drawn from the lamp. 
The case in which an electrical opposition already exists be- 
tween the metallic plates which serve as poles, required a special 
explanation. ‘This led to an examination of the tensions at the 
poles of an unclosed galvanic element, when one metal stands in 
a liquid opposite to two others which are of different electricities 
and joined by a conductor. The tension of such an element 
does not depend merely upon the position of the selected metals 
in the tension-series, but also upon the resistance of the liquid 
between the metals, or, to speak more correctly, upon the elec- 
trical tension at the point of the tension-curve belonging to the 
current between the connected metals, where the third metal is 
immersed. 
An elevation of the temperature of the pole-surfaces exer- 
cises just as little influence upon the above-mentioned phno- 
mena as does their chemical nature. Jets of water may be sub- 
stituted for the metallic plates without producing any essential 
difference. With certain modifications, therefore, the phzno- 
mena of unipolar conduction also occur when the poles of a gal- 
vanic element are connected, one by means of a metal, and the 
other by being led to the alcohol of the lamp, with the flame 
before it is put in communication with the earth. 
If, after introducing two equal pole-surfaces of a galvanic 
element into an insulated flame, the positive one is placed in 
communication with the earth, the flame receives a negative ten- 
sion equal to the above-mentioned residue. When the negative 
