Geological Society. 399 
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
[Continued from p. 320.] 
February 15, 1860.—Sir C. Lyell, Vice-President, in the Chair. 
The following communications were read :— 
1. “On the Probable Glacial Origin of some Norwegian Lakes.” 
By T. Codrington, Esq., F.G.S. 
The lakes to which attention was called by this paper are those 
frequently found situated at a short distance from the head of the 
several fjords on the western coast of Norway. The fjord and the 
valley in which such a lake or ‘‘ vand” lies are parts of one great 
chasm, with perpendicular sides, often thousands of feet high. The 
valley generally shows traces of the former existence of a glacier, 
and is now traversed by arapid river, which falls into a vand or lake 
six or seven miles long, rarely a mile wide, and very deep. The 
lake is separated from the fjord by a mass of rolled stones, shingle, 
and coarse sand roughly stratified, and sometimes rising 120 feet 
above the lake. Through this an outlet has been cut to the fjord, 
a distance varying from about one to four miles. On the side 
towards the lake this mound is terraced; and at the upper end of 
the lake similar terraces are sometimes seen. The author, with 
some doubt, attributes the accumulation of this terraced barrier to 
glacial action. 
2. «On the Drift and Gravels of the North of Scotland.” By 
T. F. Jamieson, Esq. Communicated by Sir R. I. Murchison, F.G.S. 
In a former communication the author gave an account of some 
features of the Pleistocene deposits along the coast of Aberdeenshire, 
showing that in certain localities remains of marine animals occur, of 
a character similar to those met with in the later Tertiary beds of the 
Clyde district, and, like them, indicating the presence of a colder 
sea. In the present paper the author treated of the Drift of the higher 
grounds in the interior of the country, more especially as regards 
that part of Scotland lying between the Moray Firth and the Firth 
of Tay. The following phenomena were more particularly de- 
scribed :—1. The upper gravels, their distribution and origin; 2. 
the marine drift of the higher grounds and of the highland glens ; 
3. the striated and polished rock-surfaces beneath the Drift; 4. 
the high-lying boulders, and the dispersion of blocks from the Ben 
Muic-Dhui Mountains. The probability of extensive glacier-action 
before the formation of the Drift, the extinction of the land-fauna 
preceding the Drift, and the sequence of events during the Pleistocene 
period were then dwelt upon; and the author expressed his opinion 
that the following course of events may be supposed to have occurred 
in the Pleistocene history of Scotland. 1st. A period when the 
country stood as high as, or probably higher than at present, with 
an extensive development of glaciers and land-ice, which polished 
and striated the subjacent rocks, transported many of the erratic 
blocks, destroyed the pre-existing alluvium, and left much boulder- 
earth in various places. 2ndly. ‘To this succeeded a period of sub- 
mergence, when the sea gradually advanced until almost the whole 
