SWAIiLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES — CLARK 395 



From Europe and northern Africa eastward through Asia north 

 of the Himalayas to Kamchatka and Japan there lives a yellow 

 swallowtail {Papillo machaon) that is also found in Alaska, Yukon, 

 and Mackenzie (var. aliaska, pi. 13, figs. 73, 74), and from Hudson 

 Bay to Lake Superior (var. hudsoniarms^ pi. 13, figs. 71, 72). In 

 the northwest the butterflies resemble most closely others from west- 

 ern China and the Himalayas; in the northeast they differ but 

 slightly from European individuals. This is the only Old World 

 swallowtail fomid in America. It ranges farther north than any 

 other Old World swallowtail, in Europe passing the Arctic Circle. 

 Also in Alaska it passes the Arctic Circle, but here it is accom- 

 panied by our common yellow swallowtail {Papilio glaucus, pi. 8, 

 fig. 30). 



Very similar to the European yellow swallowtail is another with 

 more black upon the body and a round black pupil in the orange 

 spot on the hind wing {Papilio zelicaon, pi. 13, fig. 75) that ranges 

 from British Colmnbia to Lower California. 



Also very similar is still another, or rather one color type of an- 

 other; for this particular butterfly {Papilio hairdi, pi. 12, figs. 55-57; 

 pi. 13, figs. 67-70) has two entirely different styles of coloration. It 

 may be yellow with dark markings (pi. 13, figs. 67-70), resembling 

 the European swallowtail but with a black pupil in the orange spot 

 on the hind wing, or it may be black with a yellow band across 

 the wings (pi. 12, figs. 55-57) , closely resembling our common east- 

 ern parsnip swallowtail (pi. 12, fig. 59). Five different varieties 

 are recognized, three of the yellow-color type and two of the black. 

 Each variety has its own special range. In some places black and 

 yellow individuals occur in about equal numbers, in others the yellow 

 outnumber the black about 50 to 1, and in still others, in the south, 

 no yellow ones are found. 



In Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Montana there lives a rare black 

 swallowtail {Papilio nitra, pi. 12, fig. 58) that is probably only an 

 additional form of the preceding. 



The common black eastern parsnip swallowtail {Papilio polyxenes, 

 pi. 12, figs. 59-61; pi. 13, figs. 76, 77) ranges from Newfoundland 

 and Hudson Bay to Wyoming, and southward to Peru and Ven- 

 ezuela. Throughout its range in the United States it is generally 

 common — in many places the commonest of the swallowtails. In 

 the extreme northeast the sexes are alike, but over most of the range 

 they differ. Our common form {asterius) in Central America has 

 three very different looking styles of males, two, or in some places 

 all three, flying about together; but the females resemble those that 

 flit about over our clover fields in the Eastern States, and one of the 

 three males is like our native males. All three types of males occur 

 in our Southwestern States, from which, besides, two other forms 



