SOUTHWESTERN ARCHEOLOGY — ROBERTS 515 



however, until after the meeting at Gila Pueblo. The Hohokam 

 for a number of j^ears went under the working designation of the 

 Red-on-Buff Culture because of the color characteristics of its pot- 

 tery. In considering the two major divisions the Basket Maker- 

 Pueblo with its so-called " Pecos Classification " will be discussed 

 first. 



BASKET MAKER-PUEBLO 



The uplands pattern is recognized as representing a cultural unit 

 with several horizons in its development. The general view is that 

 agriculture, introduced from the south, was taken up by a nomadic 

 people whose newly acquired economic factor led to a more settled 

 life. At a later date pottery making was either introduced or in- 

 vented, and houses of the pit type were perfected. This was accom- 

 panied by changes in existing elements in the material culture and 

 the appearance of other features. New peoples then invaded the 

 region; dwellings were built above ground and evolved into many- 

 roomed structures. With the infusion of new blood there was an 

 acceleration in the unfolding of the cultural pattern. Small villages 

 were scattered over a greater part of the uplands province. Later 

 there was a contraction in the extent of occupied territory and a 

 concentration of population into definite centers. This phenomenon 

 was accompanied by improvements in architecture and the ceramic 

 arts together with pronounced local specialization. Following this 

 stage there was an even greater shrinkage in occupied territory, a 

 shift to new localities, and a decline from the preceding cultural 

 peak. This stage was terminated by the arrival of the Spaniards 

 and subsequent colonization by other white men. 



The first Pecos conference grouped the various horizons under two 

 main headings. Basket Maker and Pueblo, which were further 

 divided into subgroups. Hence the Basket Maker I, or Early Basket 

 Maker; Basket Maker II, or Basket Maker; Basket Maker III, Late 

 Basket Maker, or Post-Basket Maker; Pueblo I, or Proto-Pueblo ; 

 Pueblo II; Pueblo III, or Great Period; Pueblo IV, or Proto- 

 Historic; Pueblo V, or Historic. These eight steps or stages in the 

 development of the general pattern were based on several diagnostic 

 traits. For the two major groups skeletal material was considered 

 significant. In the material culture the following elements were be- 

 lieved indicative of the various stages; village types, architecture, 

 sandals, pictographs, textiles, stone and bone implements, kinds and 

 styles of ornaments, and pottery. Pottery, it was agreed, furnished 

 the most abundant, convenient, and reliable criterion, and the culi- 

 nary vessels the simplest ware for chronological determinations. 

 Primarily the classification rests upon ceramics. One explanation 



36923—36 34 



