SOUTHWESTERN ARCHEOLOGY — ROBERTS 619 



Designs are generally ribbonlike panels embellished with dots, zigzag and 

 stepped line elements, occasional life-form figures. Decorations carried over 

 from basketry to pottery. Most vessels treated, after firing, with a wash of 

 red pigment. This is impermanent and has been called "fugitive red." 

 Culinary vessels smooth on the exterior." 



Pueblo I, plain gray, black on white, lustrous black on red, slightly polished 

 black interior bowls with brownish exterior. Introduction of slip. Tempering 

 of white sand, ground rock, or pulverized potsherds. Decorations on all types 

 of vessels. Main design elements consist of zigzag, parallel, parallel-stepped 

 lines, and squiggled lines ; filled triangles and dotted triangles ; volutes and 

 ticked volutes ; interlocking frets ; checkerboard ; concentric rectilinear and 

 curvilinear figures (pi. 4). Patterns taken from textiles in addition to baskets. 

 Culinary vessels with corrugated necks, flat neck bands, and smooth bottoms 

 (pi. 5). Period marked by great diversity of form. In the black on white 

 ware there are two main groups, the eastern and western. Of course, there 

 are many local minor variations, but for a general consideration the two main 

 forms are suflacient. The eastern centered about the Chaco Canyon area and 

 the western around the Kayenta district in northeastern Arizona. The eastern 

 extends from the northeastern San Juan Basin in southern Colorado to the 

 Upper Gila region in southern New Mexico, from the Rio Grande on the east 

 to approximately the New Mexico-Arizona boundary line on the west. In the 

 west its southern fringes penetrated somewhat into eastern Arizona. The 

 western Pueblo I ranged from northeastern Arizona to the Little Colorado in 

 the eastern part of the State, swung a bit south of that stream farther 

 west, and continued across to southeastern Nevada. The eastern borders are 

 not sharply defined, and there is a strip extending down the Arizona-New 

 Mexico line where the two phases overlap. The western, or Kayenta black on 

 white Pueblo I, was the first to be recognized and for a long time was thought 

 to be the characteristic form. Later investigations in the Chaco Canyon and 

 the northeastern San Juan Basin established the second, Chaco black on white 

 Pueblo I, and what appears to be the most wide-spread division. The basic 

 difference is twofold: Pigment and surface appearance. The Chaco form had 

 an iron-carbon paint, the Kayenta a carbon. In the Chaco group the paint 

 stands out from the slip, whereas in the Kayenta it seems to fade into the 

 surface of the vessel. General appearances suggest that the potters of the 

 Chaco style applied the pigment after the surface of the vessel was polished 

 and those of the Kayenta " school " painted the decoration before the polishing 

 process was completed. There is no difficulty in telling one from the other or 

 in recognizing either as Pueblo I because the basic style of decoration is the 

 same for both."* The culinary vessels, black on red and blackened interior 

 bowls, are the same in the two divisions. 



Pueblo II, gray ware, black on white, lustrous black on red, polished black 

 interior bowls with reddish exterior. Ground rock tempering, some sand, 

 powdered potsherds. Decorations on all kinds of vessels. Painted designs 

 (characterized by broad, heavy elements; some survival of Pueblo I features 

 but without series of bordering parallel lines. Culinary vessels with indented 

 corrugations on necks, smooth bottoms, or plain corrugation over entire sur- 

 face. Indented corrugation large and coarse, frequently called "exuberant." 

 Simple form of design pinched into corrugation or incised with finger nail or 



2' Morris, 1927, pp. 161-198; Roberts, 1929, pp. 107-126. 



"'Kidder, 1924, pp. 74-76, Kayenta or western (called pre-Pueblo). 



Guernsey, 1931, pis. 59, 60, 61. Kayenta or western. 



Roberts, 1930, pp. 74-139 ; 1931, pp. 114-149. Chaco or eastern. 



