522 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 19 3 5 



allied to that of northern Arizona, the grooved ax, the grooved 

 maul, sandals, and the domesticated turkey, cotton, and various 

 pottery forms are missing from the complex. Local features rare 

 or absent in the central phases are a peculiar type of moccasin called 

 the " Fremont ", unbaked-clay figurines in late horizons, the Utah 

 type metate, katcina-like petroglyphs, and j)ottery ornamented with 

 certain kinds of applique decorations. In the outer fringes of the 

 periphery the Basket Maker-Pueblo pattern came to an end, owing 

 in large part to pressure from hostile nomadic peoples, at approxi- 

 mately the termination of Pueblo II in the main part of the province. 

 Along the Colorado River it continued well into the Pueblo III 

 horizon.^* 



The general features of the eastern periphery, except for the Pecos 

 district, are not as well known as those of the northern periphery. 

 The Pecos ruins, located on the headwaters of the Pecos River, repre» 

 sent the largest eastern outpost of the Pueblo country and, although 

 topographically not of the Rio Grande group, are so considered be- 

 cause of their obvious relationship to the remains of the Santa Fe 

 region. The Pecos ruins proper, as well as the smaller sites in the 

 vicinity, have been thoroughly studied by Kidder and his associates, 

 and considerable data are available on them. The presence of ruins 

 farther east from the Pueblo country has been known since the days 

 of Bandelier in the late eighties, yet little attention has been paid to 

 them until the last few years. Eastward from the Rio Grande drain- 

 age small sites with black on white pottery occur almost to the Texas 

 border. Along the Cimarron in Oklahoma are caves from which 

 material suggestive of the Basket Makers has come.^^ Basket Maker 

 finds have been made in the Guadalupe Mountains in southeastern 

 New Mexico,^'' and caves in the Big Bend district of western Texas 

 have yielded elements comparable in some respects to the Basket 

 Maker.^^ In the Canadian River district of eastern New Mexico and 

 western Texas are the remains of villages which until recently were 

 considered the eastern frontier of the Pueblos. The houses were of 

 stone construction and varied in size from single-roomed circular or 

 oval or rectangular structures to large buildings with numerous cham- 

 bers of varying sizes and shapes. Because of the crude nature of 

 potsherds found at the small sites, they have frequently been identi- 

 fied as Basket Maker III or Pueblo I. As a matter of fact, the pot- 

 tery is of the plains type, and the occasional Pueblo fragment found 

 is intrusive. The larger ruins have yielded Pueblo potsherds which 

 indicate a Pueblo IV horizon. The general consensus is that these 



3* steward, 1933. 

 «sRenaud, 1930. 

 =» Howard, 1935. 

 " Setzler, 1933. 



