SOUTHWESTERN ARCHEOLOGY — ROBERTS 523 



sites represent the western fringes of an eastern cultural pattern 

 which borrowed Pueblo architecture.^^ On the whole, the Pueblo 

 remains of the eastern periphery probably do not antedate Pueblo III 

 of the nuclear districts nor postdate the first part of Pueblo IV. 



THE HOHOKAM 



The Hohokam or desert province is not as well known as that 

 of the Basket Maker-Pueblo because intensive work in the remains 

 of that division is only just beginning. Efforts of investigators 

 have produced good results in the last 5 years, and considerable 

 information is now available, but there is as yet nothing compara- 

 ble to the mass of data concerning the uplands province. From 

 what has been learned it is apparent that the desert pattern repre- 

 sents a cultural unit with several developmental stages. Contrary 

 to the Basket Maker-Pueblo, which is considered largely indigenous 

 in its growth, the Hohokam is thought to have entered the South- 

 west as an already established pattern, although it continued to 

 evolve in its new locale. The earliest stage is characterized by a 

 widespread distribution of small villages situated in the broad 

 semiarid valleys of the province. This was followed by a horizon 

 in which there was a greater concentration and a withdrawal from 

 the more outlying precincts. Then there was an invasion of peoples 

 from the uplands, and typical pueblos were built in Hohokam com- 

 munities. The two peoples lived side by side, apparently, yet kept 

 their cultural patterns distinct, the association seemingly being of 

 insufficient duration for a borrowing or hybridization of character 

 istics. The northern people then withdrew from the area, while 

 the Hohokam continued to occupy their long-established hearths. 

 Comparative studies between dated sites of the group which pene- 

 trated the desert domain and then withdraw and materials which 

 they left in the Hohokam province place the movements between 

 1300-50 and 1400-50 A. D.^^ It is postulated that the Hohokam 

 eventually evolved into the Pima and Papago, although this is still 

 a moot question, and a number of ethnologists are outspoken against 

 such a theory. 



General characteristics of the Hohokam are: Dwellings of the 

 single-unit type, rectangular in form; agriculture dependent upon 

 extensive irrigation systems; paddle and anvil pottery; cremation 

 of the dead; head form believed to be long and undeformed (this 

 point doubtful because of cremations). The refinement of the pat- 

 tern has been grouped under 6 horizons which are roughly syn- 

 chronous with the 8 in the Pueblo province, the earliest Hohokam 



»8Holden, 1932. 



» Gladwin, 1935, p. 254. 



