250 



Royal Society, 



The author commences by a definition of these as contradistin- 

 guished from tlie autogenous parts or ' elements' of a vertebra, and 

 exemplifies them by instances from Human and Comparative Ana- 

 tomy, which show the necessity of a distinct s\ibstantive term for 

 each of such parts and processes. The terms proposed are as 

 follows : — 



Names. 



''Centrum. 

 Neurapophysis. 



Pleurapophysis. 



^ HiEinapophysis. 

 Parapophysis. 



Synonymn in Compara- 

 tive Anatomy (Cuvier), 



Vertebral body. 

 laioinx. 



rib, cervical rib, 



hatchet-bone. 



Sternal rib, chevron- 

 bone. 



Inferior transverse pro- 

 cess. 



Synonyms in Human Anatomy 

 (Soemmering). 



Corpus vertebrae. 



Arcus posterior vertebrae, seu radi- 

 ces arcus posteriores. 



Costa, seu pars ossea costae, pro- 

 cessus transversus vertebra; cervi- 

 calis. 



Cartilago costae. 



Radix prior seu antica processus 

 transversi vertebrae cervicalis. 



Zygapophysis. 



("Diapophysis. Superior transverse pro- Radix posticus processus transversi 



vertebrae cervicalis, processus 



transversus. 

 Processus obliquus seu articularis 



vertebrae. 

 Duo processus accessorii processui 



trausverso et articulari superiori 



interpositi. 



Articular or oblique 

 „ process. 



Stj Metapophysis. Prolongation of arti- 

 cular process. 

 Anapophysis. Supplemental articu- 

 lar process. 

 Hypapophysis. Inferior spinous process, 

 g . fneuj-al. Spinous process. Processus spinosus. 



P [haemal. Inferior spinous process. 



The principal aim of the present communication was to point out 

 the proportion of the vertebrate animals in which the metapophysis, 

 anapophysis and hypapophysis were present, their principal modifica- 

 tions, and their title to the distinct appellations bestowed upon them. 



The metapophysis is noticed by Monro, in 1726, as a small rising 

 between the roots of the superior oblique and transverse processes ; 

 and both this and the anapophysis appear to be defined in similar 

 terms, as sometimes characterising the lumbar vertebra, bj' Soem- 

 mering. The author of the present paper commences his compara- 

 tive anatomy of both processes by describing them in the European, 

 Polynesian and Australian varieties of the human race. He then 

 passes to the Quadrumana, and traces their modifications and pro- 

 gressive development in the Chimpanzee, Orang-utan and Gibbon, 

 in the Cercopithecus ruber, Senuiopithectis entellus, Macacus rhesus, 

 Macacus niger, Macacus 7iemestrinus, Papio mormon, Ateles panis- 

 cus, Ateles Beelzebuth, Cehus capucinus, Callithrix sciureus, Lemur 

 nigrifrons, Lemur Catta, Lichanotus Indri, and Stenops gracilis. 



In the order Carnivora, the same processes are described in the 

 Lion, Hyasna, Wolf, Fox, Civet, Genette, Otter, Sable, Kinkajou, 

 Mydaus, Badger, Bear and Seal. The presence of anterior articular 

 processes (pre-zygapophyses) is demonstrated in all these Carnivora, 

 in the anterior dorsal vertebra ; and their apparently greater produc- 

 tion in the succeeding vertebrae is shown to be due to the gradual 



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