﻿FOOD 
  OF 
  FOUR 
  SPECIES 
  OF 
  THE 
  COD 
  FAMILY. 
  179 
  

  

  800 
  miles. 
  Since 
  these 
  hooks 
  were 
  galvanized, 
  it 
  would 
  be 
  impossible 
  

   to 
  form 
  any 
  estimate 
  of 
  how 
  loug 
  they 
  had 
  been 
  in 
  the 
  fish. 
  It 
  is 
  hard 
  

   to 
  conceive 
  of 
  any 
  reason 
  for 
  these 
  migrations, 
  other 
  than 
  the 
  search 
  

   for 
  food. 
  

  

  It 
  would 
  be 
  interesting 
  to 
  know 
  to 
  what 
  extent 
  the 
  winter 
  movement 
  

   of 
  cod 
  into 
  deeper 
  water 
  is 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  elTect 
  of 
  a 
  change 
  of 
  temperature 
  

   directly 
  upon 
  the 
  fish 
  or 
  to 
  the 
  change 
  of 
  food 
  conditions. 
  

  

  The 
  cod 
  and 
  haddock 
  are 
  more 
  commonly 
  found 
  on 
  the 
  rocky 
  and 
  

   liard 
  bottoms, 
  the 
  so 
  called 
  banks 
  and 
  ledges. 
  Hake 
  are 
  considered 
  

   to 
  prefer 
  mud 
  bottoms, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  true 
  that 
  at 
  certain 
  seasons 
  they 
  

   resort 
  to 
  such, 
  but 
  do 
  not 
  confine 
  themselves 
  to 
  the 
  bottom, 
  very 
  fre- 
  

   quently 
  approaching 
  the 
  surface, 
  which 
  habit 
  is 
  common 
  to 
  nearly 
  all 
  

   bottom 
  fishes. 
  Surface 
  swimming 
  animals 
  are 
  frequently 
  found 
  in 
  their 
  

   stomachs. 
  

  

  FOOD 
  OF 
  THE 
  COD, 
  HADDOCK, 
  HAKE, 
  AND 
  POLLOCK. 
  

  

  During 
  the 
  summer 
  and 
  fall 
  of 
  1893, 
  while 
  a 
  party 
  consisting 
  of 
  Mr. 
  

   H. 
  F. 
  Moore, 
  of 
  the 
  University 
  of 
  Pennsylvania, 
  Mr.B. 
  L. 
  Hardin, 
  of 
  tlie 
  

   United 
  States 
  Fish 
  Commission, 
  and 
  the 
  writer 
  were 
  stationed 
  at 
  East- 
  

   j)ort, 
  Me., 
  the 
  habits 
  of 
  the 
  various 
  fishes 
  of 
  this 
  locality 
  were 
  studied. 
  

   Through 
  the 
  kindness 
  of 
  Mr. 
  Spear, 
  a 
  local 
  fish-dealer, 
  it 
  was 
  i)ossible 
  

   to 
  examine 
  many 
  stomachs 
  of 
  cod, 
  haddock, 
  hake, 
  and 
  pollock, 
  brought 
  

   to 
  the 
  Eastport 
  fish 
  market, 
  chiefly 
  from 
  Quoddy 
  Bay, 
  West 
  (^uoddy, 
  

   between 
  Campobello 
  and 
  Grand 
  Mauan, 
  and 
  Cochran 
  Ledge 
  in 
  East- 
  

   port 
  Harbor. 
  Cod, 
  haddock, 
  and 
  pollock 
  were 
  also 
  caught 
  at 
  Eastport 
  

   by 
  members 
  of 
  the 
  party 
  and 
  their 
  stomachs 
  examined. 
  The 
  greater 
  

   number 
  of 
  stomachs 
  of 
  adult 
  fishes 
  were 
  empty, 
  but 
  when 
  food 
  was 
  

   present 
  it 
  did 
  ]iot 
  differ 
  materially 
  in 
  kind 
  or 
  quantity 
  in 
  the 
  fishes 
  

   from 
  the 
  several 
  localities. 
  

  

  The 
  diet 
  of 
  the 
  cod 
  and 
  haddock 
  was 
  much 
  alike, 
  though 
  frequently 
  

   enough 
  difference 
  existed 
  to 
  distinguish 
  the 
  species 
  of 
  fish. 
  Often 
  both 
  

   fishes 
  had 
  jnade 
  a 
  hearty 
  meal 
  upon 
  pieces 
  of 
  herring, 
  i>robably 
  gleaned 
  

   from 
  the 
  fishermen's 
  hooks. 
  The 
  animals 
  most 
  frequently 
  fonud 
  in 
  

   cods' 
  stomachs 
  were 
  crabs, 
  mollusks, 
  and 
  young 
  fishes; 
  in 
  the 
  had- 
  

   docks' 
  stomachs 
  there 
  usually 
  was 
  a 
  preponderance 
  of 
  brittle 
  stars, 
  

   small 
  sea-urchins, 
  and 
  mollusks, 
  though 
  both 
  contained 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  of 
  

   the 
  same 
  species. 
  Particular 
  attention 
  was 
  i)aid 
  to 
  tlie 
  food 
  of 
  the 
  

   young 
  of 
  any 
  of 
  the 
  cod 
  family 
  that 
  could 
  be 
  obtained. 
  The 
  food 
  of 
  

   young 
  cod 
  and 
  hake 
  2 
  or 
  3 
  inches 
  long 
  consisted 
  i)rincipally 
  of 
  small 
  

   crustaceans, 
  such 
  as 
  aniphipods 
  and 
  copepods, 
  while 
  young 
  pollock 
  

   were 
  found 
  to 
  subsist 
  almost 
  wholly 
  upon 
  shrimp-like 
  crustaceans 
  

   {Thysanopoda). 
  

  

  Of 
  the 
  species 
  enumerated 
  in 
  the 
  ai)pended 
  list 
  (udy 
  the 
  larger 
  crns- 
  

   taceaus, 
  mollusks, 
  brittle 
  stars, 
  and 
  small 
  sea-urchins 
  weic 
  fonnd 
  in 
  any 
  

   degree 
  of 
  abundance. 
  The 
  smaller 
  forms 
  consisted 
  of 
  only 
  a 
  few 
  

   individuals 
  which 
  were 
  probably 
  ingested 
  with 
  the 
  larger 
  and 
  more 
  

  

  