292 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] 
subjected. By the writers of antiquity it was spoken of under its Aris- 
totelian name, and in the tentlr edition of his Systema Nature, at the 
very inception of binomial nomenclature, Linnzus called it Xiphias 
gladius.* By this name it has been known ever since, and only one ad- 
ditional name is included in its synonymy, Xiphias Rondeletii, Leach. 
In the following table of synonyms, references are given to the princi- 
pal descriptions and figures in the standard ichthyological works: 
XIPHIAS GLADIUS, Linnzus. 
Xiphias gladius, LINNEZvS, Systema Nature, 10th ed. 1758, i, p. 248; 12th ed. 
1766, iii, p. 432 (‘habitat in oceano Europe”). 
BuiocH, Ichthyologie, iii, 1786, pl. 1xxvi, p. 23 (habits from statements of 
Chevalier Hamilton). 
GMELIN, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1788, p. 1149 (includes also under () the Ameri- 
can Histiophorus). 
WALBAUM, Artedi, Genera Piscium, 1792, p. 207. 
LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 2d ed. 8vo. 1819, i, p. 538, fig. 2, pl. 24 (gro- 
tesque figure). 
SCHNEIDER, Bloch’s Systema Ichthyologiax, 1801, p. 93 (mentions occur- 
rence in Baltic). 
SuHaw, Zoology, 1804. 
Risso, Ichthyologie de Nice, 1810, p. 99 (obs. on habits); Hist. Nat. Eu- 
rope Méridionale, 1826-27, iii, p. 208. 
CUVIER, Régne Animal, 1st ed. 1817, p. 326; 2d ed. 1829, p. 200; Griffith’s 
ed. 1834, p. 187, pl. xxvii, figs. 1, 2 (taken from Cuv. & VAL. Hist. Nat. 
Poiss. q. v.); Suppl. p. 349. 
ScorEsByY, in Edinburgh Phil. Journ. iii, p. 411 (vessel struck by Sword- 
fish). 
FLEMING, British Animals, 1828, p. 220, and in Brewster’s Journal, ii, p. 
187 (specimen taken in the Tay). e 
CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. viii, 1833, p. 255, pls. cexxv 
(figure of young of 12 to 18 inches length), cexxvi (fig. of adult). 
JENYNS, British Vertebrates, 1835, p. 364. 
YARRELL, History of British Fishes, 1st ed. 1836, p. 143 (fig. of young); 
2ded.p. 164 (fig. of young). . 
RICHARDSON, Fauna Bor. Amer. 1836, pp. 78, 81 (denies its existence in 
the Western Atlantic). 
WILSON, Encyclopedia Britannica, art. Ichth. p. 184, pl. ecii. 
PARNELL, Fishes of the Firth of Forth, 1838, p. 55. 
STORER, Report on the Fishes of Massachusetts, 1839, p. 51: Memoirs 
American Academy of Sciences, p. 36; 1853, p.149: Synopsis of the Fishes 
of North America, 1846, p. 95: History of the Fishes of Massachusetts, 
1867, p 71, pl. xiii, fig. 2. 
DEKAY, Zoology of New York, Fishes, 1842, p. 111, pl. xxvi, fig. 79. 
LowE, Trans. Zoological Society London, iii, 1849, p. 5. 
GUICHENOT, Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie, Poissons, 1851, p. 60. 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1860, p. 571; Fische der Siidsee, i, 
1873~75, p. 105: Study of Fishes, 1880, pp. 178, 431 (cuts), and article 
Ichthyology, Encye. Britannica, vol. xii: Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, part ii, 
p. 170, fig. ‘ x 
GILL, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. A. 1861, p. 38: Canadian Naturalist, 1865, p. 
250: Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. A. 1873, p. 24: and in Rep. U.S. C. F. i, 
1873, p. 802. 
*Linné, Systema Nature, 10th ed. 1758. 
