﻿444 
  REPORT 
  OF 
  COMMISSIONER 
  OF 
  FISH 
  AND 
  FISHERIES. 
  , 
  [18] 
  

  

  lar 
  insertions 
  of 
  the 
  muscles 
  of 
  the 
  hind 
  limbs 
  of 
  these 
  animals 
  must 
  

   now 
  be 
  considered 
  in 
  its 
  bearing 
  upon 
  the 
  question 
  of 
  the 
  evolution 
  of 
  

   the 
  Cetacean 
  type. 
  

  

  In 
  Phoca 
  vitulina, 
  Huxley* 
  observes 
  that 
  " 
  the 
  fore 
  limb 
  is 
  buried 
  

   beyond 
  the 
  elbow 
  in 
  the 
  common 
  integument, 
  but 
  the 
  flexible 
  wrist 
  

   allows 
  the 
  weight 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  to 
  be 
  supported 
  by 
  the 
  palmar 
  surface 
  of 
  

   the 
  manus. 
  The 
  hind 
  limbs, 
  on 
  the 
  contrary, 
  are 
  permanently 
  extended 
  

   and 
  turned 
  backward 
  parallel 
  with 
  the 
  tail, 
  which 
  lies 
  between 
  them, 
  

   and 
  with 
  which 
  they 
  form 
  a 
  sort 
  of 
  terminal 
  fin. 
  When 
  the 
  seal 
  

   swims, 
  in 
  fact, 
  the 
  fore 
  limbs 
  are 
  applied 
  against 
  the 
  sides 
  of 
  the 
  thorax, 
  

   and, 
  the 
  hinder 
  moiety 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  being 
  very 
  flexible, 
  the 
  conjoined 
  

   hind 
  limbs 
  and 
  tail 
  are 
  put 
  to 
  the 
  same 
  use 
  as 
  the 
  caudal 
  fin 
  of 
  a 
  ceta- 
  

   cean. 
  The 
  seal 
  has 
  twenty 
  dorso 
  lumbar 
  vertebrae, 
  of 
  which 
  five 
  are 
  

   lumbar. 
  There 
  are 
  four 
  sacral 
  vertebrae, 
  but 
  only 
  one 
  of 
  these 
  unites 
  

   with 
  the 
  ilia. 
  Eleven 
  vertebra? 
  enter 
  into 
  the 
  formation 
  of 
  the 
  short 
  

   tail." 
  

  

  (Op. 
  cit., 
  p. 
  362.) 
  "The 
  ilium 
  is 
  short, 
  and 
  the 
  long 
  pubis 
  and 
  

   ischium 
  are 
  greatly 
  inclined 
  backward, 
  so 
  that 
  the 
  long 
  diameter 
  of 
  the 
  

   os 
  innominatum 
  makes 
  only 
  an 
  acute 
  angle 
  with 
  the 
  spine. 
  The 
  femur 
  

   is 
  much 
  shorter 
  than 
  the 
  humerus. 
  The 
  tibia 
  and 
  fibula 
  are 
  auchylosed, 
  

   and 
  more 
  than 
  twice 
  as 
  long 
  as 
  the 
  femur. 
  The 
  pes 
  is 
  longer 
  than 
  the 
  

   tibia. 
  The 
  astragalus 
  has 
  a 
  peculiar, 
  roof-shaped, 
  tibial 
  surface, 
  and 
  

   sends 
  a 
  process 
  backward 
  which 
  contributes 
  to 
  the 
  formation 
  of 
  the 
  

   very 
  short 
  heel. 
  The 
  hallux 
  is 
  the 
  strongest 
  of 
  the 
  digits 
  ; 
  while 
  this 
  

   and 
  the" 
  fifth 
  digit 
  are 
  the 
  longest 
  of 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  pes. 
  

  

  "The 
  cutaneous 
  muscle 
  is 
  largely 
  developed 
  and 
  inserted 
  into 
  the 
  

   humerus. 
  The 
  pectoralis 
  major 
  is 
  very 
  large, 
  and 
  arises 
  from 
  each 
  side 
  

   of 
  the 
  prolonged 
  manubrium, 
  and 
  even 
  in 
  front 
  of 
  it, 
  beneath 
  the 
  neck 
  ; 
  

   the 
  fibers 
  of 
  the 
  muscles 
  of 
  opposite 
  sides 
  are 
  continuous. 
  The 
  palmaris 
  

   longus 
  is 
  a 
  strong 
  muscle, 
  but 
  the 
  proper 
  digital 
  muscles 
  are 
  weak 
  or 
  

   absent, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  the 
  abductor, 
  adductor, 
  flexor 
  brcvis, 
  and 
  op- 
  

   poucus 
  (p. 
  363) 
  of 
  the 
  fifth 
  digit. 
  A 
  special 
  long 
  abductor 
  of 
  this 
  digit, 
  

   however, 
  pusses 
  from 
  the 
  olecranon 
  to 
  the 
  distal 
  phalanx. 
  The 
  iliacus 
  

   is 
  wanting, 
  and 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  psoas 
  major 
  ; 
  but 
  the 
  muscles 
  which 
  repre- 
  

   sent 
  the 
  psoas 
  minor 
  and 
  the 
  subvertebral 
  muscles 
  of 
  the 
  Cetacea 
  are 
  

   very 
  large 
  and 
  play 
  an 
  important 
  part 
  in 
  effecting 
  the 
  locomotion 
  

   of 
  the 
  seal. 
  The 
  pectincus 
  is 
  very 
  small, 
  and 
  the 
  other 
  adductors 
  are 
  

   inserted, 
  not 
  into 
  the 
  femur 
  but 
  into 
  the 
  tibia. 
  The 
  gluteus 
  maximus 
  is 
  

   inserted 
  into 
  the 
  whole 
  length 
  of 
  the 
  femur. 
  The 
  semimembranosus 
  

   and 
  scmitendinosus 
  are 
  replaced 
  by 
  a, 
  caudo-tibialis, 
  which 
  arises 
  from 
  

   the 
  anterior 
  caudal 
  vertebrae 
  and 
  is 
  inserted 
  into 
  the 
  tibia, 
  some 
  of 
  its 
  

   tendinous 
  fibers 
  extending 
  to 
  the 
  planter 
  aspect 
  of 
  the 
  hallux. 
  The 
  

   poplitceus 
  and 
  gastrocnemius 
  are 
  strong, 
  but 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  solceus. 
  The 
  

   tendon 
  of 
  the 
  plantaris 
  passes 
  over 
  the 
  caleaueum 
  and 
  ends 
  on 
  the 
  

  

  Anatomy 
  of 
  vertebrated 
  animals, 
  361. 
  

  

  