( xliv ) 



otluT of the varions categories of classificatory units from the individual variety 

 upwards to the genns : — 



' siihs}), 



subsp. 



' species 



genus 



\ 



species 

 species 

 species 



subsp. 



, subsp. 

 f. t. 

 f. t. 



f. norm, 

 f. ab. 



U; 



There seems to us to be some confusion existing in the minds of some 

 systcmatists with regard to the degree of phylogenetic relationship of the 

 animals classified and tlie nomenclatorial position of the units towards each 

 other. 



Although it is the highest object of the researches of the systematist to 

 elucidate the phylogenetic connection between the classificatory units from the 

 individuals ui)wards to the family, order, etc., the linear arrangement of the units 

 in the system gives but a very scanty elncidation of their evolution. If a genus 

 is a development from another, it may be put behind the older one ; but this 

 method at once breiiks down if there are several genera derived from one, 

 especially if one of the derivatives has again given rise to a series of genera. 

 And nouienchitorially the classifier can do even less. In nomenclature all the 

 units of one category are co-ordinate units ; all the species, all the subspecies, all 

 the geuera, etc., are respectively co-ordinate with one another. The classifier 

 cannot make any nomenclatorial diflerence whatever between phylogeuetically 

 younger and older genera, between the parent- and daughter-species, between 

 the generalised and specialised subspecies. We have the same nomenclatorial 

 formula for every genus {I'ajiilio, Frini/iUa), for every species {Papilio priamus 



