( cxix ) 



The comjiarativel}' large number of genera occnrring in flie Palaearctic 

 Region is accounted for by the fact that many Oriental genera extend north- 

 ward in single species. It is cnrions that this northward extension obtains here, 

 as in the Nearctic Region, in the eastern district. The two cases are, of coarse, 

 purely analogous. Tropical Cliiua being c.intinnous with Amnrland and India, 

 and Formosa connecting with Cliina the chain of islands running from Japan 

 southward, there is a convenient bridge from the Tropics to Japan and 

 Amnrland. This close geographical connection between India and Japan ex- 

 plains the contrast in the relation of the Palaearctic countries with the Oriental 

 Region on the one side and the Aethiopian Region on the other. Numerous 

 Oriental species of Hawk Moths range northward into Amnrland and Japan, 

 while only three African ones reach Europe {Ache.ronHa atropos, Deilcphila 

 nei-ii, and Ilippotion osiris), besides the Afro-Oriental traveller Ilippotion 

 celerio, which comes to Western Europe most likely from the West (^oast of 

 Africa, like Deilephila nerii. The Sahara is an effective barrier between the 

 Palaearctic and Aethiopian faunae. 



The C)riental species which are found as such in Japan, North China, 

 Corea, or Amnrland cannot be (counted as Palaearctic. Aclierontki sti/x, 

 Oxyamlii/l'pr ockracea, Clam's hilineata, ('ephonodes lu/las, Acosmenjx naga, 

 Macroqlossinii pyrrhosticta, corythus, J'li-o, pisxaliix, (Jurelca masiiriensis, Theretra 

 iiessus, piiiasfrhia, Rki/ncholaba acteus, and also the Chino-Japanese Paruni 

 colligata, are outside the projjcr Palaearctic fauna. These elements are com- 

 paratively recent immigrants, and correspond to the Neotropical immigrants of 

 North America. That the road by which they travelled is, however, an old 

 one is proved by the numerous eastern Palaearctic genera, species, and sub- 

 species which have their nearest relatives in tlie Oriental Region. Five species 

 common to both Regions are rejiresented in each by a different subspecies : 

 VaUoiinuiiwii luniephroii, Plii/Uofij>Iiinijia <lis)<imilif<, Marumba sperchius, Ampelo- 

 phayit lahiqinoKii, and Lungiii zenzcroidcs. The eastern Palaearctic species, 

 <'<ill)imljiih/x tatarinoi-i, Marumba gaschkeiritschi, jankowsltii, maaclti, Oxipim- 

 bubjx japonica, sckaujfelbergeri, Acosmeri/x castanea, Bliagastis mnngoliana, and 

 Theretra japonica, belong to Oriental genera ; and Dolbina exacta and tancrei 

 have near allies in North India in Dolbina inexacta and Dolbinopsis grisea, 

 and llyloicus caligineits in Tliamnoerha uniformis. None of these Palaearctic 

 species extend to C!entral Asia or Europe. 



Of the remaining nineteen genera found in the temperate zone of the 

 Eastern Hemisphere we may dismiss Herse, whicli is rei)resented only by the 

 wandering //. concolnili occurring all over the Old World, inclusive of New 

 Zealanil, which no other Hawk Moth has reached. Three are restricted to the 

 Pacific distri(;t: Spliiiiyidiiii, h'entochysab's, and Hjihecodina. The last genus 

 has only two species, one of them occurring in the Nearctic Region ; the 

 distribution is in so far curious as the Palaearctic sjiecies is Pacific and 

 the Nearctic one Atlantic^ Tlie genus is a derivation from the Afro-Indian 

 Philampelinai'. Kentoclinjsiilis and Sphinyiilm, together with Uolbina, belong 



