[69] FLOUNDERS AND SOLES. 293 



Pleuronectcs luscus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., iii, 4-37, 1811 (Black Sea). " NorcUuann, 

 in Demidoff, Voy. Russ. M6rid., iii, 532, Pise, tab. 27 " (Black Sea). Giinther, 

 iv, 452 (copied). 



Pleuronectcs carnaria Brown, " Edinburgh Journal, Nat. and Geol.,ii, 99, t. ii " (al- 

 bino example), 1830. 



Platessa melanogaster Higgins, "Zoologist, xiii, 1855,4596" (doubled example). 



Pleuronectcs logdanovi Sandeberg, Bull. Sci. Mosc, Iii, pt. 2, p. 230, 1878 (White Sea). 



Flesus rulgaris Moreau, Poiss. de France, 1881, iii, 299. 



6. Var. glabra. 



Platessa glabra Ratlike, Fauna der Krym., 352, 1837 (Crimea). 



Platessa passer Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, Pesci, 1838-1840. 



Pleuronectcs italicus Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, 452 (Dalmatia). 



Habitat. — All coasts of Europe, ascending the streams; the typical 

 form in northern Europe; var. glabra in the Mediterranean, 



This small species is the common "flounder "or "fluke" of Europe. It 

 is almost everywhere very abundant, but it is held in low esteem as a 

 food -fish. It reaches a length of less than a foot. Our specimens of the 

 typical form, flesus, are from the markets of Paris, but we have examined 

 others from various localities in northern Europe. The form called 

 lusca, from the Black Sea, we have not seen, and do not know whether 

 it differs at all from the typical flesus or not. 



The common Mediterranean form called glabra (italica) differs a good 

 deal in appearance from the ordinary flesus, but this difference lies 

 mainly in the greater smoothness of the scales about the head. 



The numerous specimens before us from Venice and Trieste differ 

 from those of flesus only in the entire absence of the stellate tubercles 

 which cover the head and the neighborhood of the lateral line in that 

 species. Steindachner regards the two as unquestionably identical. 

 Still it seems best to regard them as distinct subspecies, especially as 

 no intermediate specimens have come to our notice. Rathke's descrip- 

 tion of Platessa glabra evidently belongs to the form called italicus 

 by Dr. Giinther. Rathke's lusca agrees with the typical flesus. The 

 Pleuronectes bogdanovi of Sandeberg from the White Sea seems to be 

 nearly the same as the typical flesus. It is said to be deeper (depth 2 

 in length), smoother, with shorter pectorals (2 in head). Teeth trun- 

 cate, close set. Body smooth, except for a row of tubercles on eyed 

 side on bases of dorsal and anal, and two or three similar rows on front 

 of lateral line. D, 53 to 56 ; A, 37 or 38. 



Genus XXXV.— LIOPSETTA. 



Liopsetta Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 217 (glaber) (females). 

 Euchalarodus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 222 (putnami) (males). 



Type : Platessa glabra Storer = Euchalarodus putnami Gill. 



This genus comprises one, two, or three species of small flounders of 

 the Arctic seas. The genus is distinguished by the large, half-united 

 pharyngeals, as also by the peculiar squamation, the scales in the males 

 being very rough, in the females smooth. This difference has given rise 



