[47] FISH CULTURE IN CENTRAL EUROPE. 585 



small waterfalls, which serve to aerate the water and prevent the es- 

 cape of the lish. In summer the temperature of the water may rise to 

 25° or 30° C. [77° or 80° F.] without injuring the trout contained in it. 



The fish in the ponds are fed artificially with meat — ground meat 

 (which generally serves as a fertilizer) — and with the larvae of flies. To 

 obtain these, poles are rammed into the bottom of the ponds, and the 

 carcass of some animal is placed on them. The flies deposit their eggs 

 on the carcass, and the larvae which develop from them gradually fall 

 into the water and serve as food for the young trout. 



8. Lubhinchen. — This model establishment is located near the city of 

 Gubeu, in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, and belongs to Mr. 

 Eckardt, one of the men to whom the industry of fish-culture is deeply 

 indebted. Although it may be said that there is hardly any kind of 

 fish, to which fish-culture is applied, which he has not cultivated, there 

 are two to which he has specially devoted his efforts, namely, Goregoni 

 and carp. 



The Liibbiuchen property covers an area of 10 hectares [nearly 25 

 acres], 9 of which are occupied by ponds, but at some distance Mr. Eck- 

 ardt owns 400 hectares [98S£ acres], with some lakes containing a great 

 many fish. 



The water comes from two springs, distant about 1 kilometer [nearly 

 § mile] from Mr. Eckardt's house. It passes underneath an open vault, 

 in order to get some air, and is then conveyed about 200 meters [210 

 yards]. It feeds the ponds and the basins, and is again collected in a 

 small lake. It also forms a small brook destined for young trout, and 

 from this brook comes the little stream which enters the hatching-house. 

 The water is not filtered. 



The hatching-house covers an area of hardly 4 square meters [43 

 square feet]. The water runs in an open conduit of wood, bituminated. 

 The apparatus used for hatching are the boxes invented by Mr. Eckardt, 

 each of which can hold as many as 20,000 Goregonus eggs, and have the 

 advantage that they can be placed one above the other. There are raised 

 artificially Goregonus, trout, European and American Salvelimis, &c. 



The ponds and basins are more than 100 in number, and, as has 

 already been stated, occupying an area of 9 hectares [22^- acres]. The 

 largest pond covers more than 1 hectare [about 2i acres]. The first 

 ponds, in the immediate neighborhood of the house, are about li meters 

 [5 feet] deep, and have some small canals through which the water runs 

 all the year round, so as to keep them clear. The oxygenation of the 

 water is kept up by reeds and water lentils, which grow in the ponds 

 in great abundance. Beyond these ponds there is a large pond, about 

 4 meters [13 feet] deep, and some smaller ponds. 



There are also some wooden and cemented tanks, containing pike, 

 Silurus, tench, crucians, golden orf, &c. There are carp weighing as 

 much as 14 pounds. There are 24 cemented basins, covering each an 

 area of about 50 square meters [538 square feet]. In these there are 



